使用apt-get 安装

某个项目需要使用libzstd-dev库，安装步骤如下：

• 获取sudo权限
• apt-get update
• apt-get libzstd-dev

报错，错误如下（E: Unable to locate package libzstd-dev）：

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package libzstd-dev

使用deb包安装

步骤：

• 下载deb包libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb
• 安装命令dpkg -i libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb

报错，阿里云上的机器报错如下：

dpkg-deb: error: archive 'libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb' has premature member 'control.tar.xz' before 'control.tar.gz',giving up
dpkg: error processing archive libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb (--install):
 subprocess dpkg-deb --control returned error exit status 2
Errors were encountered while processing:
 libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb

或者，本地机器报错如下：

Selecting prevIoUsly unselected package libzstd-dev:amd64.
(Reading database ... 59755 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libzstd-dev:amd64 (1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libzstd-dev:amd64:
 libzstd-dev:amd64 depends on libzstd1 (= 1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1); however:
  Package libzstd1 is not installed.

dpkg: error processing package libzstd-dev:amd64 (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Errors were encountered while processing:
 libzstd-dev:amd64

可以看出，本地机器报错是因为需要安装依赖，这是dpkg的缺点，不能自动安装依赖包，由于不清楚还需要依赖多少层，所以放弃。
而阿里云的报错是因为dpkg命令本身报错，dpkg没有安装好，但同样放弃，因为就算修复了dpkg，最后也会陷入依赖的漩涡。

更新dep源后，使用apt-get安装

通过google，百度等等，找到了一个类似的解决方法
https://superuser.com/questions/467774/how-to-install-libfaac-dev

于是照做，在/etc/apt/sources.list中加入了

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu natty main restricted universe multiverse

然后执行apt-get update 报错，通过报错信息发现natty有问题
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/ 下并没有natty文件夹，需要修改。

如何修改呢？
在https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/libzstd 下发现 可以选择 Cosmic Bionic Artful Xenial， 随便选了一个bionic
即在/etc/apt/sources.list 中加入了

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic main restricted universe multiverse

然后执行 apt-get update，没有报错了。
继续 apt-get libzstd-dev,仍然报错，报错信息如下：

dpkg-deb: error: archive '/var/cache/apt/archives/libzstd1_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb' has premature member 'control.tar.xz' before 'control.tar.gz',giving up
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/libzstd1_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb (--unpack):
 subprocess dpkg-deb --control returned error exit status 2
dpkg-deb: error: archive '/var/cache/apt/archives/libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb' has premature member 'control.tar.xz' before 'control.tar.gz',giving up
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb (--unpack):
 subprocess dpkg-deb --control returned error exit status 2
Errors were encountered while processing:
 /var/cache/apt/archives/libzstd1_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb
 /var/cache/apt/archives/libzstd-dev_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

安装 Gdebi

怀疑是dpkg本身损坏，于是根据这个又搜到了http://forum.ubuntu.org.cn/viewtopic.php?t=387768
按照这个安装 apt-get install gdebi
需要提前apt-get install -y libc6-dev apt-get install -y dpkg-dev
安装gdebi后，再次安装 libzstd-dev，仍然失败，错误信息没变，事情陷入困局。

解决

其实在前面有一步离问题解决已经十分接近了，最后，经过反复尝试，解决方法如下：

• 在/etc/apt/sources.list 中加入

  deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
  deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
  deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
  deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
  deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main restricted universe multiverse

• apt-get update

• apt-get install libzstd-dev 安装成功