使用dpkg -l命令时,我得到：
ii vim 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor ii vim-common 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - Common files ii vim-runtime 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - Runtime files ii vim-tiny 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor - compact version ii virt-what 1.11-1 detect if we are running in a virtual machine ii w3m 0.5.3-5ubuntu1 WWW browsable pager with excellent tables/frames support ii watershed 6 reduce superfluous executions of idempotent command ii wget 1.13.4-2ubuntu1 retrieves files from the web ii whiptail 0.52.11-2ubuntu10 Displays user-friendly dialog Boxes from shell scripts ii whoopsie 0.1.33 Ubuntu crash database submission daemon ii wimlib9 1.5.0-1~webupd8~precise Library to extract,create,modify,and mount WIM files ii wimtools 1.5.0-1~webupd8~precise Tools to extract,and mount WIM files ii wireless-tools 30~pre9-5ubuntu2 Tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions ii wpasupplicant 0.7.3-6ubuntu2.1 client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) ii x11-common 1:7.6+12ubuntu2 X Window System (X.Org) infrastructure ii x11-utils 7.6+4ubuntu0.1 X11 utilities ii xauth 1:1.0.6-1 X authentication utility ii xbitmaps 1.1.1-1 Base X bitmaps ii xclip 0.12-1 command line interface to X selections ii xfonts-encodings 1:1.0.4-1ubuntu1 Encodings for X.Org fonts ii xfonts-utils 1:7.6+1 X Window System font utility programs ii xkb-data 2.5-1ubuntu1.3 X Keyboard Extension (XKB) configuration data ii xml-core 0.13 XML infrastructure and XML catalog file support rc xpdf 3.02-21build1 Portable Document Format (PDF) reader ii xterm 271-1ubuntu2.1 X terminal emulator ii xz-lzma 5.1.1alpha+20110809-3 XZ-format compression utilities - compatibility commands ii xz-utils 5.1.1alpha+20110809-3 XZ-format compression utilities ii zabbix-agent 1:1.8.11-1 network monitoring solution - agent ii zlib1g 1:1.2.3.4.dfsg-3ubuntu4 compression library - runtime ii zlib1g-dev 1:1.2.3.4.dfsg-3ubuntu4 compression library - development ii zsh 4.3.17-1ubuntu1 shell with lots of features
第三列是版本,但它是以我无法理解的方式“搞砸了”.我的意思是,不同的包使用完全不同的命名规范.
以下是主要问题：
>为什么有些版本号中有ubuntu,有些则没有？
>所有特殊标点都是什么 – 〜是什么意思？
>什么是alpha,build和dfsg？我可以随便使用它们吗？
> vim和其他包有2：那是什么意思？
>当版本格式如此不同时,“版本比较”如何工作？
有人可以向我解释一下吗？或者我在哪里可以找到官方文件？
提前致谢.
Format
The format is:
[epoch:]upstream_version[-debian_revision]The three components here are:
epoch
This is a single (generally small) unsigned integer. It may be omitted,in which case zero is assumed. If it is omitted then the upstream_version may not contain any colons.
It is provided to allow mistakes in the version numbers of older versions of a package,and also a package’s prevIoUs version numbering schemes,to be left behind.upstream_version
This is the main part of the version number. It is usually the version number of the original (“upstream”) package from which the .deb file has been made,if this is applicable. Usually this will be in the same format as that specified by the upstream author(s); however,it may need to be reformatted to fit into the package management system’s format and comparison scheme.
The comparison behavior of the package management system with respect to the upstream_version is described below. The upstream_version portion of the version number is mandatory.
The upstream_version may contain only alphanumerics[36] and the characters
"."(full stop),"+"(plus),"-"(hyphen),":"(colon),"~"(tilde) and should start with a digit. If there is no debian_revision then hyphens are not allowed; if there is no epoch then colons are not allowed.debian_revision
This part of the version number specifies the version of the Debian package based on the upstream version. It may contain only alphanumerics and the characters
"."(full stop),"~"(tilde) and is compared in the same way as the upstream_version is.It is optional; if it isn’t present then the upstream_version may not contain a hyphen. This format represents the case where a piece of software was written specifically to be a Debian package,where the Debian package source must always be identical to the pristine source and therefore no revision indication is required.
It is conventional to restart the debian_revision at 1 each time the upstream_version is increased.
The package management system will break the version number apart at the last hyphen in the string (if there is one) to determine the upstream_version and debian_revision. The absence of a debian_revision is equivalent to a debian_revision of 0.
Comparison
When comparing two version numbers,first the epoch of each are compared,then the upstream_version if epoch is equal,and then debian_revision if upstream_version is also equal. epoch is compared numerically. The upstream_version and debian_revision parts are compared by the package management system using the following algorithm:
The strings are compared from left to right.
First the initial part of each string consisting entirely of non-digit
characters is determined. These two parts (one of which may be empty)
are compared lexically. If a difference is found it is returned. The
lexical comparison is a comparison of ASCII values modified so that
all the letters sort earlier than all the non-letters and so that a
tilde sorts before anything,even the end of a part. For example,the
following parts are in sorted order from earliest to latest:~~,
~~a,~,the empty part,a.Then the initial part of the remainder of each string which consists
entirely of digit characters is determined. The numerical values of
these two parts are compared,and any difference found is returned as
the result of the comparison. For these purposes an empty string
(which can only occur at the end of one or both version strings being
compared) counts as zero.These two steps (comparing and removing initial non-digit strings and
initial digit strings) are repeated until a difference is found or
both strings are exhausted.Note that the purpose of epochs is to allow us to leave behind
mistakes in version numbering,and to cope with situations where the
version numbering scheme changes. It is not intended to cope with
version numbers containing strings of letters which the package
management system cannot interpret (such asALPHAorpre-),or
with silly orderings.
ubuntu将表明该软件包是专门为Ubuntu构建的. alpha和build字符串似乎没有任何特殊含义,但dfsg指的是modified符合Debian Free Software Guidelines的软件包.
