Ubuntu 13.10 C OpenGL GLUT – 链接问题 – 对`glClearColor’的未定义引用

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我正在运行Ubuntu 13.10并尝试编译该部分示例OpenGL代码
#include "GL/freeglut.h"
#include "GL/gl.h"

/* display function - code from:
     http://fly.cc.fer.hr/~unreal/theredbook/chapter01.html
This is the actual usage of the OpenGL library.
The following code is the same for any platform */
void renderFunction()
{
    glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);
    glOrtho(-1.0,-1.0,1.0);
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
        glVertex2f(-0.5,-0.5);
        glVertex2f(-0.5,0.5);
        glVertex2f(0.5,-0.5);
    glEnd();
    glFlush();
}

/* Main method - main entry point of application
the freeglut library does the window creation work for us,regardless of the platform. */
int main(int argc,char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc,argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE);
    glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
    glutInitWindowPosition(100,100);
    glutCreateWindow("OpenGL - First window demo");
    glutDisplayFunc(renderFunction);
    glutMainLoop();
    return 0;
}

我已经使用Eclipse来构建项目,但它在链接级别失败:

Building target: opengl_test
Invoking: GCC C++ Linker
g++ -L/usr/lib -L/usr/lib/fglrx -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/mesa -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mesa -o "opengl_test"  ./src/opengl_test.o   
./src/opengl_test.o: In function `renderFunction()':
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:10: undefined reference to `glClearColor'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:11: undefined reference to `glClear'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:12: undefined reference to `glColor3f'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:13: undefined reference to `glOrtho'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:14: undefined reference to `glBegin'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:15: undefined reference to `glVertex2f'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:16: undefined reference to `glVertex2f'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:17: undefined reference to `glVertex2f'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:18: undefined reference to `glVertex2f'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:19: undefined reference to `glEnd'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:20: undefined reference to `glFlush'
./src/opengl_test.o: In function `main':
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:28: undefined reference to `glutInit'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:29: undefined reference to `glutInitDisplayMode'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:30: undefined reference to `glutInitWindowSize'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:31: undefined reference to `glutInitWindowPosition'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:32: undefined reference to `glutCreateWindow'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:33: undefined reference to `glutDisplayFunc'
/var/www/opengl_test/Debug/../src/opengl_test.cpp:34: undefined reference to `glutMainLoop'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [opengl_test] Error 1

……所以我试过G:

g++ -lGL -lglut opengl_test.cpp  -o test

但它提供的输出与Eclipse的输出几乎相同.

我想也许我需要手动将符号链接文件夹/usr/lib.
搜索过libs:

$sudo apt-file search libGL.so
fglrx: /usr/lib/fglrx/libGL.so
fglrx: /usr/lib/fglrx/libGL.so.1
fglrx: /usr/lib/fglrx/libGL.so.1.2
fglrx: /usr/lib32/fglrx/libGL.so.1.2
fglrx-updates: /usr/lib/fglrx/libGL.so
fglrx-updates: /usr/lib/fglrx/libGL.so.1
fglrx-updates: /usr/lib/fglrx/libGL.so.1.2
fglrx-updates: /usr/lib32/fglrx/libGL.so.1.2
libgl1-mesa-dev: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libGL.so
libgl1-mesa-dev: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mesa/libGL.so
libgl1-mesa-glx: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mesa/libGL.so.1
libgl1-mesa-glx: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mesa/libGL.so.1.2.0
libgl1-mesa-glx-dbg: /usr/lib/debug/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mesa/libGL.so.1.2.0
nvidia-173: /usr/lib/nvidia-173/libGL.so
nvidia-173: /usr/lib/nvidia-173/libGL.so.1
nvidia-173: /usr/lib/nvidia-173/libGL.so.173.14.37
nvidia-173: /usr/lib32/nvidia-173/libGL.so
nvidia-173: /usr/lib32/nvidia-173/libGL.so.1
nvidia-173: /usr/lib32/nvidia-173/libGL.so.173.14.37
nvidia-304: /usr/lib/nvidia-304/libGL.so
nvidia-304: /usr/lib/nvidia-304/libGL.so.1
nvidia-304: /usr/lib/nvidia-304/libGL.so.304.88
nvidia-304: /usr/lib32/nvidia-304/libGL.so
nvidia-304: /usr/lib32/nvidia-304/libGL.so.1
nvidia-304: /usr/lib32/nvidia-304/libGL.so.304.88
nvidia-304-updates: /usr/lib/nvidia-304-updates/libGL.so
nvidia-304-updates: /usr/lib/nvidia-304-updates/libGL.so.1
nvidia-304-updates: /usr/lib/nvidia-304-updates/libGL.so.304.108
nvidia-304-updates: /usr/lib32/nvidia-304-updates/libGL.so
nvidia-304-updates: /usr/lib32/nvidia-304-updates/libGL.so.1
nvidia-304-updates: /usr/lib32/nvidia-304-updates/libGL.so.304.108
nvidia-319: /usr/lib/nvidia-319/libGL.so
nvidia-319: /usr/lib/nvidia-319/libGL.so.1
nvidia-319: /usr/lib/nvidia-319/libGL.so.319.32
nvidia-319: /usr/lib32/nvidia-319/libGL.so
nvidia-319: /usr/lib32/nvidia-319/libGL.so.1
nvidia-319: /usr/lib32/nvidia-319/libGL.so.319.32
nvidia-319-updates: /usr/lib/nvidia-319-updates/libGL.so
nvidia-319-updates: /usr/lib/nvidia-319-updates/libGL.so.1
nvidia-319-updates: /usr/lib/nvidia-319-updates/libGL.so.319.60
nvidia-319-updates: /usr/lib32/nvidia-319-updates/libGL.so
nvidia-319-updates: /usr/lib32/nvidia-319-updates/libGL.so.1
nvidia-319-updates: /usr/lib32/nvidia-319-updates/libGL.so.319.60
primus-libs: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/primus/libGL.so.1

$sudo apt-file search libglut.so
freeglut3: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglut.so.3
freeglut3: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglut.so.3.9.0
freeglut3-dev: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglut.so

制作符号链接

sudo ln -s /usr/lib/fglrx/libGL.so /usr/lib/libGL.so
sudo ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglut.so /usr/lib/libglut.so

但它仍然无济于事.出现了相同的链接问题.

>如何调试该问题?
>我如何知道选择哪个lib并将它们链接到/usr/lib?我选择了fglrx,因为我的GPU驱动程序正在运行fglrx.
>我是否每次都需要手动将库从/usr/lib…./somewhere链接到/usr/lib?

尝试将您的库放在源文件之后:
g++ opengl_test.cpp -lGL -lglut

要使Eclipse工作,您需要更改所谓的“命令行模式”.我实际上不是Eclipse用户,但尝试在这里检查设置:C/C++ Build – >设置 – > Cross G Linker或其他一些与Linker相关的设置.

澄清:当前ld默认链接–as-needed标志.在链接任何库之前的这种模式中,ld检查这个库中的某些符号是否需要某处. ld按顺序执行此检查,因此如果您在源文件之前链接某些内容,则会排除此库.可以使用-Wl,– no-as-needed gcc标志禁用此行为.

从男人ld:

--as-needed
--no-as-needed
    This option affects ELF DT_NEEDED tags for dynamic  libraries  men-
    tioned on the command line after the --as-needed option.  Normally,the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag for each dynamic     library  men-
    tioned  on  the  command line,regardless of whether the library is
    actually needed.  --as-needed causes     DT_NEEDED  tags  to  only  be
    emitted for libraries that satisfy some symbol reference from regu-
    lar objects which is undefined at the point that  the  library  was
    linked.  --no-as-needed restores the default behavIoUr.

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