在前面 JSON 解析指南中,有网友提出了在使用类继承时默认实现存在问题。这个问题触发了更多的思考和学习,对他致以最高的谢意。接下来,我就从这个问题开始进一步介绍 Swift 4 中 JSON 解析。
问题回顾
当我们使用类集成时,子类在解析只有继承而来的属性有值而本身的属性则都为 nil 。
enum BeerStyle: String,Codable { case ipa case stout case kolsch } class Wine: Codable { var abv: Float? } class Beer: Wine { var name: String? var brewery: String? var style: BeerStyle? } let jsonDic = ["name":"beer","brewery":"100","abv":10.0,"style":"ipa"] as [String : Any] let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic,options: .prettyPrinted) let decode = JSONDecoder() do { let beer = try decode.decode(Beer.self,from: jsonData) print("解析成功:\(beer)") } catch { print("解析失败:\(error)") }
上面代码运行的最终结果是:解析成功但是 name、brewery、style 三个属性全部为 nil 。显然,这不是我们想要的结果。这是 Swift 4 中一个有待改进的地方,Codable 默认实现无法覆盖继承这种情况。具体代码详解评论部分。其中涉及的主要关键点:自定义编码和自定义解码。
接下来,我就对前文进行一些补充。
深度自定义
虽然 Codable 的默认实现足够应付大多数情形了,但是有时候我们还是存在一些自定义需求。为了处理这类自定义问题,我们就必须自己覆盖默认的 Codable 实现。
自定义编码
接下来,我们看如何进行编码的自定义实现。假设,我们需要对上篇文章中 Beer Model 进行如下拓展:
struct Beer : Codable { //... let createdAt: Date let bottleSizes: [Float] let comments: String? //... }
但是,我们希望在编码时改变命名风格将 createdAt 映射为 created_at 同时将 bottleSizes 映射为 bottle_sizes,也就是形如以下这种 JSON 格式:
{ "comments" : null,"style" : "ipa","brewery_name" : "Saint Arnold","created_at" : "524716294.793119","alcohol_by_volume" : 8.8999996185302734,"bottle_sizes" : [ 12,16 ],"name" : "Endeavor" }
首先,我们需要对枚举所有的编码健:
struct Beer : Codable { // ... enum CodingKeys: String,CodingKey { case name case brewery case abv case style case createdAt = "created_at" case bottleSizes = "bottle_sizes" case comments } }
接下来就是覆盖原有的 encode 方法:
extension Beer { func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws { var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) try container.encode(name,forKey: .name) try container.encode(abv,forKey: .abv) try container.encode(brewery,forKey: .brewery) try container.encode(style,forKey: .style) try container.encode(createdAt,forKey: .createdAt) try container.encode(comments,forKey: .comments) try container.encode(bottleSizes,forKey: .bottleSizes) } }
最后,验证编码效果:
let beer = Beer.init(name: "name",brewery: "x",abv: "xx",style: BeerStyle.ipa,createdAt: Date.init(),bottleSizes: [2.3,3.6],comments: "xxx") let encoder = JSONEncoder() let data = try! encoder.encode(beer) print(String(data: data,encoding: .utf8)!)
打印结果如下:
{ "comments":"xxx","style":"ipa","brewery":"x","created_at":524716294.793119,"bottle_sizes": [2.3,"abv":"xx","name":"name" }
其中编码过程中最重要的概念就是 container。在进行任何编码之前,我们都需要获取一个 container 对象,而该对象又有三种类型:
- Keyed Container:键值对字典类型
- Unkeyed Container:数值类型
- Single Value Container:仅仅输出 raw value
所以上面我们首先就创建了字典类型:
var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
然后,我们通过下面语句实现赋值:
try container.encode(value,forKey: .key)
另外,我们还可以获取 container 对象嵌套的 container 子对象。例如,我们可以对 bottle_sizes 中的数值进行四舍五入操作:
// 将 try container.encode(bottleSizes,forKey: .bottleSizes) 替换为: var sizes = container.nestedUnkeyedContainer( forKey: .bottleSizes) try bottleSizes.forEach { try sizes.encode($0.rounded()) } // 结果就是: "bottle_sizes": [2.0,4.0]
自定义解码
extension Beer { init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { } }
接下来,我们从 decoder 中获取 container 对象并将其赋值到对应属性上:
extension Beer { init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) name = try container.decode(String.self,forKey: .name) abv = try container.decode(String.self,forKey: .abv) brewery = try container.decode(String.self,forKey: .brewery) style = try container.decode(BeerStyle.self,forKey: .style) createdAt = try container.decode(Date.self,forKey: .createdAt) comments = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self,forKey: .comments) bottleSizes = try container.decode([Float].self,forKey: .bottleSizes) } }
let jsonDic = ["comments":"xxx","bottle_sizes":[2.3,"name":"name"] as [String : Any] let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic,from: jsonData) print("解析成功:\(beer)") } catch { print("解析失败:\(error)") }
打印结果如下:
解析成功: Beer( name: "name",style: xxx.BeerStyle.ipa,createdAt: 2017-08-18 02:31:34 +0000,bottleSizes: [2.29999995,3.5999999],comments: Optional("xxx") )
当然,我们同样可以对嵌套的 bottleSizes 进行自定义:
init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { // ... var bottleSizesArray = try container.nestedUnkeyedContainer(forKey: .bottleSizes) var sizes: [Float] = [] while (!bottleSizesArray.isAtEnd) { let size = try bottleSizesArray.decode(Float.self) sizes.append(size.rounded()) } bottleSizes = Array.init(sizes) }
扁平化对象
有时候,我们的 Model 可能与 JSON 数据的结构不一致。例如,假设 Beer 对象中 abv 和 style 在 JSON 中是嵌套结构,但是我们不想在代码中新建嵌套结构。这时候,我们就可以使用自定义方法进行实现。
假设,JSON 对象形如:
{ "name": "Lawnmower","info": { "style": "kolsch","abv": 4.9 } // ... }
要实现对象扁平化,首先我们需要定义出该嵌套结构的键值映射关系:
struct Beer : Codable { enum CodingKeys: String,CodingKey { case name case brewery case createdAt = "created_at" case bottleSizes = "bottle_sizes" case comments case info // <-- NEW } enum InfoCodingKeys: String,CodingKey { case abv case style } }
在编码时候,我们使用 InfoCodingKeys 创建嵌套字典:
func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws { var container = encoder.container( keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) var info = try encoder.nestedContainer( keyedBy: InfoCodingKeys.self) try info.encode(abv,forKey: .abv) try info.encode(style,forKey: .style) // ... }
同样,在解码时取出其中的嵌套对象并进行赋值:
init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { let container = try decoder.container( keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) let info = try decoder.nestedContainer( keyedBy: InfoCodingKeys.self) abv = try info.decode(Float.self,forKey: .abv) style = try info.decode(BeerStyle.self,forKey: .style) // ... }
对象继承
最后我们回到前面的问题,在 Swift 4 中进行类继承解析的时候到底发生了些什么。
首先,我们定义如下对象和继承关系:
class Person : Codable { var name: String? init() {} } class Employee : Person { var employeeID: String? override init() { super.init() } }
接下来,我们分布检验 Employee 对象的编码和解码操作:
// 默认编码 let employee = Employee() employee.employeeID = "emp123" employee.name = "Joe" let encoder = JSONEncoder() encoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted let data = try! encoder.encode(employee) print(String(data: data,encoding: .utf8)!) // 默认解码 let jsonDic = ["employeeID":"emp123","name":"Joe"] as [String : Any] let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic,options: .prettyPrinted) let decode = JSONDecoder() do { let employee = try decode.decode(Employee.self,from: jsonData) print("解析成功:\(employee)") } catch { print("解析失败:\(error)") }
运行代码你会发现编码打印的结果为:
{ "name" : "Joe" }
同样的,解码操作也只有 name 属性被赋值了,employeeID 属性为 nil 。这显然与我们想要的理想结果相差甚远。所以,我们需要对上面的对象编码和解码方法进行自定义实现:
class Person : Codable { var name: String? private enum CodingKeys : String,CodingKey { case name } init() {} required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) name = try container.decode(String.self,forKey: .name) } func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws { var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) try container.encode(name,forKey: .name) } } class Employee : Person { var employeeID: String? private enum CodingKeys : String,CodingKey { case employeeID } override init() { super.init() } required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) employeeID = try container.decode(String.self,forKey: .employeeID) } override func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws { var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) try container.encode(employeeID,forKey: .employeeID) } }
但是,如果你再次运行上面的测试代码的话会发现这次竟然是另一个极端。只有 employeeID 有值而继承得到的 name 属性则为 nil 。这是因为,上面子类在编解码过程中没有调用父类的方法。所以,我们需要将 Employee 中的方法修改为:
class Employee : Person { //... required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) try super.init(from: decoder) employeeID: = try container.decode(String.self,forKey: .employeeID:) } override func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws { var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) try super.encode(to: encoder) try container.encode(employeeID,forKey: .employeeID) } }
这样,我们就完美解决了之前的问题了。
另外,这里还有一个问题值得注意。上面进行父项编码操作的时直接使用了子类参数,而实际上我们可以使用更合适的参数进行编码操作:
// 替换 try super.encode(to: encoder) try super.encode(to: container.superEncoder())
打印结果为:
{ "super" : { "name" : "Joe" },"emp_id" : "emp123" }
当然,我们可以对默认键 super 进行替换:
enum CodingKeys : String,CodingKey { case employeeID = "emp_id" case person } override func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws { // ... try super.encode(to:container.superEncoder(forKey: .person)) }
修改后的打印结果为:
{ "employeeID" : "emp123","person" : { "name" : "Joe" } }
当然,我们同样可以在解码时进行类似操作:
required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws { let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) try super.init(from: container.superDecoder(forKey: .person)) employeeID = try container.decode(String.self,forKey: .employeeID) } // 解码检测 let jsonDic = ["employeeID":"emp123","person":["name" : "Joe"] ] as [String : Any] let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic,from: jsonData) print("解析成功:\(employee)") } catch { print("解析失败:\(error)") }
总结
除了使用 Codable 的默认实现处理数据解析外,对于特殊情形我们完全可以通过自定义实现加以解决。虽然 Swift 还有一些地方有待完善,但是这不影响 Codable 功能的强大。希望未来 Swift 能给我们带来更多的惊喜,毕竟下个版本 ABI 就稳定了。
原文链接:https://www.f2er.com/swift/321308.html欢迎来站点交流讨论。