--Seamus Dean 2005-04-11(at Postgresql-8.0.2 release)
http://www.cnblogs.com/wllyy189/archive/2008/07/11/1240478.html
因为我看了一下,国内所有的Postgresql教程都没有很详细的介绍该功能,而相反,国内的Oracle
文章对这块非常的看重。虽然,Postgresql的官方文档有一个章节是介绍这块内容的,
但是写得太过‘文学’化。
的确,一个数据库的可靠性和完整性是非常重要的,否则,很难叫人们所接受它。
本文假设读者对Postgresql已经有基本的认识,如果你对Postgresql还完全不熟悉的话,建议你先
去http://www.postgresql.org看看它的Documentation.
作为最强大的开源数据库,Postgresql拥有一切商业数据库所拥有的功能,甚至比商业数据库更好。
在以前的版本中,它在数据恢复,可靠性方面做的不太好,但经过最近几年的发展,已经可以和Oracle
媲美了。
在Postgresql7的时候就引入了WAL(Write Ahead Logging)的概念,即预写日志,所有对数据库的更改,
在更改之前必须写到该LOG中,这样,就算机器断电,Postgresql也可以从该LOG中知道数据库在断电前做
了什么操作,已经做到第几步了,这样保证了所有事务的完整性,但Postgresql7没有提供很好的灾难恢复
机制,一旦数据库崩溃,除非你曾经对数据库作过pg_dump或者file system level backup,否则,你的数据
将全部丢失,并且,就算你曾经对数据库做过备份,也只能恢复到你备份的那一刻的数据,这对一个生产数据库
(特别是24*7生产库)来说,是无法容忍的。
Postgresql8的推出,使Postgresql的稳定性和可靠性又迈出了划时代的一步。
除了提供对tablespace的支持外,Postgresql8提供了支持时间点的恢复---PITR.
其基本原理和Oracle的热备份完全一样:
首先,对数据库在file system level做一个backup(Postgresql是首先用pg_start_backup('label')命令,
然后用tar直接tar整个data目录,假设命名为base.tar,然后pg_stop_backup();结束热备。
Oracle首先是用alter tablespace xxx begin backup,然后直接cp数据文件);
然后,备份相关的配置文件(Postgresql只需备份postgresql.conf,pg_hba.conf,pg_ident.conf就可以了,其实,
前面的tar已经将这些文件备份了,Oracle需要alter database backup control file......);
最后,备份WAL(
可以设置postgresql.conf中的archive_command,
该命令可以让Postgresql8自动将需要的归档的日志文件备份的其他地方中。
但是注意:如果你是让Postgresql8调用archive_command来备份WAL的话,
可能根本就做不到PITR,我做过实验,如果依靠base.tar和archive_command产生的WAL其实只能恢复到最后一个
archive_command保存的WAL的数据,pg_xlog/下面可能还有数据,如果Postgresql8的数据目录彻底损坏的话,还是会
丢失数据,所以,我建议,在写数据备份脚本的时候,最好将pg_xlog/下面的WAL也一起备份,见下面的cpArch.sh。
)。
如果数据库崩溃,我们就可以使用热备产生的base.tar和archive_command产生的WAL和我们自己备份的WAL(pg_xlog)来进行数据库的
recovery.
下面举例来说明:
我的Postgresql运行在:/home/pgsql/下面
数据目录在:/home/pgsql/database/
将热备数据文件备份到/disk3/Postgresql/base/下面
将WAL备份到/disk3/Postgresql/archives/下面
postgresql.conf中定义了如下的archive_command:
archive_command = 'cp -f %p /disk3/Postgresql/archives/%f'
该命令会将Postgresql产生的WAL cp到/disk3/Postgresql/archives/中。
我的热备脚本如下:
(1)为了使丢失的数据在一分钟之内,在crontab中每分钟将pg_xlog/下面的WAL
backup到/disk3/Postgresql/archives/。
crontab:
*/1 * * * * /home/pgsql/bin/cpArch.sh
cpArch.sh:
#!/bin/sh
cp -f /home/pgsql/database/pg_xlog/[0-9]* /disk3/Postgresql/archives/
(2)编写热备脚本hotBackup.pl(我用perl):
#!/usr/bin/perl
#############################################################
# hotBackup.pl
# Use to hot backup the Postgresql database.
# Author:Seamus Dean
# Date:2005-04-11
##############################################################
my($datadir) ="/home/pgsql/database";
my($bindir) ="/home/pgsql/bin";
my($backupdir) ="/disk3/Postgresql/base";
my($receiver) ="ljh13\@sina.com.cn";
sub begin_backup()
{
open(Psql,"$bindir/psql" or mail_user("begin backup error." && exit(100);
print Psql "select pg_start_backup('backupnow');\n";
close(Psql);
}
sub end_backup()
or mail_user("end backup error." print Psql "select pg_end_backup();\n";
sub do_backup()
system("/bin/tar cvf base.tar $datadir" ;
system("/bin/mv -f base.tar $backupdir/" sub mail_user()
my($msg) =@_;
open(MAIL,"|/bin/mail -s backup-result $receiver" or die("can not talk to:mail command.\n" print MAIL $msg;
close(MAIL);
###################################
# tell psql begin our backup
&begin_backup();
# do tar
&do_backup();
####################################
# tell psql end backup
&end_backup();
# mail the user about the result
&mail_user(" ostgresql backup successfully." 到这里,备份脚本基本上就完了,你可以将hotBackup.pl放在crontab中周期性的执行。
就算/home/pgsql/database目录彻底崩溃,我们可以像下面这样迅速恢复到1分钟内的数据:
#cp /disk3/Postgresql/base/base.tar./
#tar xvf base.tar
#cd database/
#vi recovery.conf
输入如下内容:
restore_command='cp /disk3/Postgresql/archives/%f "%p"'
然后将/home/pgsql/database/pg_xlog/下面的WAL清空。
启动Postgresql,我们可以看到如下的LOG信息:
LOG:could not create IPv6 socket: Address family not supported by protocol
LOG:database system was interrupted at 2005-04-11 23:13:28 PDT
LOG:starting archive recovery
LOG:restore_command = "cp /disk3/Postgresql/archives/%f "%p""
cp: cannot stat `/disk3/Postgresql/archives/00000001.history': No such file or directory
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000002E.008EFCAC.backup" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000002E" from archive
LOG:checkpoint record is at 0/2E8EFCAC
LOG:redo record is at 0/2E8EFCAC; undo record is at 0/0; shutdown FALSE
LOG:next transaction ID: 5271; next OID: 6351357
LOG:automatic recovery in progress
LOG:redo starts at 0/2E8EFCE8
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000002F" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000030" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000031" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000032" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000033" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000034" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000035" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000036" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000037" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000038" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000039" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000003A" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000003B" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000003C" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000003D" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000003E" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000003F" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000040" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000041" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000042" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000043" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000044" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000045" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000046" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000047" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000048" from archive
LOG:restored log file "000000010000000000000049" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000004A" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000004B" from archive
LOG:restored log file "00000001000000000000004C" from archive
LOG:record with zero length at 0/4C2BABE4
LOG:redo done at 0/4C2BABA8
LOG:archive recovery complete
LOG:database system is ready
显示数据已经成功恢复。
/home/pgsql/database/下面的recovery.conf会变为:recovery.done.
结论:
Postgresql8的PITR已经做得非常的成功,完全有可能替代Oracle,sqlserver
而成为企业的首选。所以,我们玩Postgresql的兄弟们,一定要对它有信心!