安装方法一般分为两类：
一种是从二进制安装包进行安装（系统自带的，一般比较旧）
另一种是从源码安装（从官网下载的）

源码安装一般步骤：
1.从官网下载源代码
2.编译安装
     ./configure
     make
     make install
3.编译安装完成后的操作：
1）initdb初始化数据库簇
2）启动数据库实例
3）创建一个应用使用的数据库

从源码安装示例：

操作系统版本：
[root@single bin]# uname -a
Linux single 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Sun Nov 10 22:19:54 EST 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@single bin]# cat /etc/redhat-release
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.5 (Santiago)

1.从官网下载源代码
postgresql-9.6.1.tar.bz2
2. 编译安装
确认make版本，需3.80或更新
make --version
为了能够使用上下键，安装readline
[root@single ~]# rpm -qa *readline* | grep dev
readline-devel-6.0-4.el6.i686
readline-devel-6.0-4.el6.x86_64
默认情况下，安装会用到数据库的压缩功能，这个功能需要zlib支持：
[root@single ~]# rpm -qa *zlib* | grep dev
zlib-devel-1.2.3-29.el6.i686
zlib-devel-1.2.3-29.el6.x86_64

[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# rpm -qa *perl*dev*
perl-devel-5.10.1-136.el6.x86_64
perl-devel-5.10.1-136.el6.i686

[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# rpm -qa *python*dev*
python-gudev-147.1-4.el6_0.1.x86_64
python-devel-2.6.6-51.el6.x86_64


解压包：
[root@single usr]# bunzip2 postgresql-9.6.1.tar.bz2
[root@single usr]# tar xf postgresql-9.6.1.tar
[root@single usr]# ll
drwxrwxrwx    6 1107 1107      4096 Oct 25 04:27 postgresql-9.6.1

[root@single usr]# cd postgresql-9.6.1
[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# ./configure


[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# mkdir /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1 -p
[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# cd /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/
[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/configure --prefix=/usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1 --with-perl --with-python
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking which template to use... linux
checking whether to build with 64-bit integer date/time support... yes
checking whether NLS is wanted... no
checking for default port number... 5432
checking for block size... 8kB
checking for segment size... 1GB
checking for WAL block size... 8kB
checking for WAL segment size... 16MB
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking whether gcc supports -Wdeclaration-after-statement... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wendif-labels... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wmissing-format-attribute... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wformat-security... yes
checking whether gcc supports -fno-strict-aliasing... yes
checking whether gcc supports -fwrapv... yes
checking whether gcc supports -fexcess-precision=standard... no
checking whether gcc supports -funroll-loops... yes
checking whether gcc supports -ftree-vectorize... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wunused-command-line-argument... no
checking whether the C compiler still works... yes
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking allow thread-safe client libraries... yes
checking whether to build with Tcl... no
checking whether to build Perl modules... yes
checking whether to build Python modules... yes
checking whether to build with GSSAPI support... no
checking whether to build with PAM support... no
checking whether to build with BSD Authentication support... no
checking whether to build with LDAP support... no
checking whether to build with Bonjour support... no
checking whether to build with OpenSSL support... no
checking whether to build with SELinux support... no
checking whether to build with systemd support... no
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep
checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E
checking for ld used by GCC... /usr/bin/ld
checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for strip... strip
checking whether it is possible to strip libraries... yes
checking for ar... ar
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for tar... /bin/tar
checking whether ln -s works... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p
checking for bison... no
configure: WARNING:
*** Without Bison you will not be able to build Postgresql from Git nor
*** change any of the parser definition files.  You can obtain Bison from
*** a GNU mirror site.  (If you are using the official distribution of
*** Postgresql then you do not need to worry about this,because the Bison
*** output is pre-generated.)
checking for flex... no
configure: WARNING:
*** Without Flex you will not be able to build Postgresql from Git nor
*** change any of the scanner definition files.  You can obtain Flex from
*** a GNU mirror site.  (If you are using the official distribution of
*** Postgresql then you do not need to worry about this because the Flex
*** output is pre-generated.)
checking for perl... /usr/bin/perl
configure: using perl 5.10.1
checking for Perl archlibexp... /usr/lib64/perl5
checking for Perl privlibexp... /usr/share/perl5
checking for Perl useshrplib... true
checking for flags to link embedded Perl...   -fstack-protector  -L/usr/lib64/perl5/CORE -lperl -lresolv -lnsl -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lpthread -lc
checking for python... /usr/bin/python
checking for Python distutils module... yes
checking Python configuration directory... /usr/lib64/python2.6/config
checking Python include directories... -I/usr/include/python2.6
checking how to link an embedded Python application... -L/usr/lib64 -lpython2.6 -lpthread -ldl  -lutil -lm
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking if compiler needs certain flags to reject unknown flags... no
checking for the pthreads library -lpthreads... no
checking whether pthreads work without any flags... no
checking whether pthreads work with -Kthread... no
checking whether pthreads work with -kthread... no
checking for the pthreads library -llthread... no
checking whether pthreads work with -pthread... yes
checking for joinable pthread attribute... PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE
checking if more special flags are required for pthreads... no
checking for PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT... yes
checking pthread.h usability... yes
checking pthread.h presence... yes
checking for pthread.h... yes
checking for strerror_r... yes
checking for getpwuid_r... yes
checking for gethostbyname_r... yes
checking whether strerror_r returns int... no
checking for main in -lm... yes
checking for library containing setproctitle... no
checking for library containing dlopen... -ldl
checking for library containing socket... none required
checking for library containing shl_load... no
checking for library containing getopt_long... none required
checking for library containing crypt... -lcrypt
checking for library containing shm_open... -lrt
checking for library containing shm_unlink... none required
checking for library containing fdatasync... none required
checking for library containing sched_yield... none required
checking for library containing gethostbyname_r... none required
checking for library containing shmget... none required
checking for library containing readline... -lreadline
checking for inflate in -lz... yes
checking atomic.h usability... no
checking atomic.h presence... no
checking for atomic.h... no
checking crypt.h usability... yes
checking crypt.h presence... yes
checking for crypt.h... yes
checking dld.h usability... no
checking dld.h presence... no
checking for dld.h... no
checking fp_class.h usability... no
checking fp_class.h presence... no
checking for fp_class.h... no
checking getopt.h usability... yes
checking getopt.h presence... yes
checking for getopt.h... yes
checking ieeefp.h usability... no
checking ieeefp.h presence... no
checking for ieeefp.h... no
checking ifaddrs.h usability... yes
checking ifaddrs.h presence... yes
checking for ifaddrs.h... yes
checking langinfo.h usability... yes
checking langinfo.h presence... yes
checking for langinfo.h... yes
checking mbarrier.h usability... no
checking mbarrier.h presence... no
checking for mbarrier.h... no
checking poll.h usability... yes
checking poll.h presence... yes
checking for poll.h... yes
checking pwd.h usability... yes
checking pwd.h presence... yes
checking for pwd.h... yes
checking sys/epoll.h usability... yes
checking sys/epoll.h presence... yes
checking for sys/epoll.h... yes
checking sys/ioctl.h usability... yes
checking sys/ioctl.h presence... yes
checking for sys/ioctl.h... yes
checking sys/ipc.h usability... yes
checking sys/ipc.h presence... yes
checking for sys/ipc.h... yes
checking sys/poll.h usability... yes
checking sys/poll.h presence... yes
checking for sys/poll.h... yes
checking sys/pstat.h usability... no
checking sys/pstat.h presence... no
checking for sys/pstat.h... no
checking sys/resource.h usability... yes
checking sys/resource.h presence... yes
checking for sys/resource.h... yes
checking sys/select.h usability... yes
checking sys/select.h presence... yes
checking for sys/select.h... yes
checking sys/sem.h usability... yes
checking sys/sem.h presence... yes
checking for sys/sem.h... yes
checking sys/shm.h usability... yes
checking sys/shm.h presence... yes
checking for sys/shm.h... yes
checking sys/socket.h usability... yes
checking sys/socket.h presence... yes
checking for sys/socket.h... yes
checking sys/sockio.h usability... no
checking sys/sockio.h presence... no
checking for sys/sockio.h... no
checking sys/tas.h usability... no
checking sys/tas.h presence... no
checking for sys/tas.h... no
checking sys/time.h usability... yes
checking sys/time.h presence... yes
checking for sys/time.h... yes
checking sys/un.h usability... yes
checking sys/un.h presence... yes
checking for sys/un.h... yes
checking termios.h usability... yes
checking termios.h presence... yes
checking for termios.h... yes
checking ucred.h usability... no
checking ucred.h presence... no
checking for ucred.h... no
checking utime.h usability... yes
checking utime.h presence... yes
checking for utime.h... yes
checking wchar.h usability... yes
checking wchar.h presence... yes
checking for wchar.h... yes
checking wctype.h usability... yes
checking wctype.h presence... yes
checking for wctype.h... yes
checking for net/if.h... yes
checking for sys/ucred.h... no
checking netinet/in.h usability... yes
checking netinet/in.h presence... yes
checking for netinet/in.h... yes
checking for netinet/tcp.h... yes
checking readline/readline.h usability... yes
checking readline/readline.h presence... yes
checking for readline/readline.h... yes
checking readline/history.h usability... yes
checking readline/history.h presence... yes
checking for readline/history.h... yes
checking zlib.h usability... yes
checking zlib.h presence... yes
checking for zlib.h... yes
checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... no
checking for inline... inline
checking for printf format archetype... gnu_printf
checking for flexible array members... yes
checking for signed types... yes
checking for __func__... yes
checking for _Static_assert... no
checking for __builtin_types_compatible_p... yes
checking for __builtin_bswap32... yes
checking for __builtin_bswap64... yes
checking for __builtin_constant_p... yes
checking for __builtin_unreachable... yes
checking for __VA_ARGS__... yes
checking whether struct tm is in sys/time.h or time.h... time.h
checking for struct tm.tm_zone... yes
checking for tzname... yes
checking for union semun... no
checking for struct sockaddr_un... yes
checking for struct sockaddr_storage... yes
checking for struct sockaddr_storage.ss_family... yes
checking for struct sockaddr_storage.__ss_family... no
checking for struct sockaddr_storage.ss_len... no
checking for struct sockaddr_storage.__ss_len... no
checking for struct sockaddr.sa_len... no
checking for struct addrinfo... yes
checking for intptr_t... yes
checking for uintptr_t... yes
checking for unsigned long long int... yes
checking for long long int... yes
checking for locale_t... yes
checking for struct cmsgcred... no
checking for struct option... yes
checking for z_streamp... yes
checking for special C compiler options needed for large files... no
checking for _FILE_OFFSET_BITS value needed for large files... no
checking size of off_t... 8
checking for int timezone... yes
checking types of arguments for accept()... int,int,struct sockaddr *,socklen_t *
checking whether gettimeofday takes only one argument... no
checking for wcstombs_l declaration... no
checking for cbrt... yes
checking for dlopen... yes
checking for fdatasync... yes
checking for getifaddrs... yes
checking for getpeerucred... no
checking for getrlimit... yes
checking for mbstowcs_l... no
checking for memmove... yes
checking for poll... yes
checking for pstat... no
checking for pthread_is_threaded_np... no
checking for readlink... yes
checking for setproctitle... no
checking for setsid... yes
checking for shm_open... yes
checking for symlink... yes
checking for sync_file_range... yes
checking for towlower... yes
checking for utime... yes
checking for utimes... yes
checking for wcstombs... yes
checking for wcstombs_l... no
checking for fseeko... yes
checking for _LARGEFILE_SOURCE value needed for large files... no
checking for posix_fadvise... yes
checking whether posix_fadvise is declared... yes
checking whether fdatasync is declared... yes
checking whether strlcat is declared... no
checking whether strlcpy is declared... no
checking whether F_FULLFSYNC is declared... no
checking for struct sockaddr_in6... yes
checking for PS_STRINGS... no
checking for snprintf... yes
checking for vsnprintf... yes
checking whether snprintf is declared... yes
checking whether vsnprintf is declared... yes
checking for isinf... yes
checking for crypt... yes
checking for fls... no
checking for getopt... yes
checking for getrusage... yes
checking for inet_aton... yes
checking for mkdtemp... yes
checking for random... yes
checking for rint... yes
checking for srandom... yes
checking for strerror... yes
checking for strlcat... no
checking for strlcpy... no
checking for unsetenv... yes
checking for getpeereid... no
checking for getaddrinfo... yes
checking for getopt_long... yes
checking whether sys_siglist is declared... yes
checking for syslog... yes
checking syslog.h usability... yes
checking syslog.h presence... yes
checking for syslog.h... yes
checking for opterr... yes
checking for optreset... no
checking for strtoll... yes
checking for strtoull... yes
checking for rl_completion_append_character... yes
checking for rl_completion_matches... yes
checking for rl_filename_completion_function... yes
checking for rl_reset_screen_size... yes
checking for append_history... yes
checking for history_truncate_file... yes
checking test program... ok
checking whether long int is 64 bits... yes
checking whether snprintf supports the %z modifier... yes
checking size of void *... 8
checking size of size_t... 8
checking size of long... 8
checking whether to build with float4 passed by value... yes
checking whether to build with float8 passed by value... yes
checking alignment of short... 2
checking alignment of int... 4
checking alignment of long... 8
checking alignment of double... 8
checking for int8... no
checking for uint8... no
checking for int64... no
checking for uint64... no
checking for __int128... no
checking for builtin __sync char locking functions... yes
checking for builtin __sync int32 locking functions... yes
checking for builtin __sync int32 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __sync int64 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __atomic int32 atomic operations... no
checking for builtin __atomic int64 atomic operations... no
checking for __get_cpuid... yes
checking for __cpuid... no
checking for _mm_crc32_u8 and _mm_crc32_u32 with CFLAGS=... no
checking for _mm_crc32_u8 and _mm_crc32_u32 with CFLAGS=-msse4.2... yes
checking which CRC-32C implementation to use... SSE 4.2 with runtime check
checking for perl.h... yes
checking for libperl... yes
checking Python.h usability... yes
checking Python.h presence... yes
checking for Python.h... yes
checking for onsgmls... no
checking for nsgmls... no
checking for openjade... no
checking for jade... no
checking for DocBook V4.2... no
checking for DocBook stylesheets... no
checking for collateindex.pl... no
checking for dbtoepub... no
checking for xmllint... xmllint
checking for xsltproc... xsltproc
checking for osx... no
checking for sgml2xml... no
checking for sx... no
checking thread safety of required library functions... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wl,--as-needed... yes
configure: using compiler=gcc (GCC) 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4)
configure: using CFLAGS=-Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2
configure: using CPPFLAGS= -D_GNU_SOURCE
configure: using LDFLAGS=  -Wl,--as-needed
preparing build tree... done
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating GNUmakefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile.global
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config.h
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config_ext.h
config.status: creating src/interfaces/ecpg/include/ecpg_config.h
config.status: linking /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/src/backend/port/tas/dummy.s to src/backend/port/tas.s
config.status: linking /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/src/backend/port/dynloader/linux.c to src/backend/port/dynloader.c
config.status: linking /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/src/backend/port/sysv_sema.c to src/backend/port/pg_sema.c
config.status: linking /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c to src/backend/port/pg_shmem.c
config.status: linking /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/src/backend/port/dynloader/linux.h to src/include/dynloader.h
config.status: linking /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/src/include/port/linux.h to src/include/pg_config_os.h
config.status: linking /usr/postgresql-9.6.1/src/makefiles/Makefile.linux to src/Makefile.port

[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# make
[root@single postgresql-9.6.1]# make install
 [root@single bin]# useradd postgres
[root@single bin]# mkdir /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/data
[root@single bin]# chown postgres /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/ -R
[root@single bin]# su - postgres
[postgres@single ~]$ /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/bin/initdb -D /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/data
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/data ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

WARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A,or
--auth-local and --auth-host,the next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/bin/pg_ctl -D /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/data -l logfile start

[postgres@single ~]$ /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/bin/postgres -D /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/data/ >logfile 2>&1 &
创建名为test的数据库：
[postgres@single ~]$ /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/bin/createdb test
[postgres@single ~]$ /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/
bin/           config/        config.status  contrib/       data/          doc/           include/       lib/           share/         src/           
[postgres@single ~]$ /usr/pg/postgresql-9.6.1/bin/psql test
psql (9.6.1)
Type "help" for help.

test-# \l
                                  List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding |   Collate   |    Ctype    |   Access privileges   
-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------
 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
 test      | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
(4 rows)

test-#