一.说明:

让数据库变成只读模式，目前Postgresql没有严格意义上的只读模式（如临时表在只读事务中还是可以使用的）。通过调整参数或设置事务模式可以将后续登录的SESSION或者当前事务设置为只读模式。

在只读模式下,Postgresql不允许如下sql:

When a transaction is read-only,the following sql commands are disallowed: INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,and COPY FROM if the table they would write to is not a temporary table; all CREATE,ALTER,and DROP commands; COMMENT,GRANT,REVOKE,TRUNCATE; and EXPLAIN ANALYZE and EXECUTE if the command they would execute is among those listed. This is a high-level notion of read-only that does not prevent all writes to disk.

上述描述引用地址：

http://blog.163.com/digoal@126/blog/static/163877040201111821118906/

二.给postgresql的登陆用户设置只读模式:

1.设置登陆数据库的用户为只读模式：

[postgres@cacti ~]$ psql -Uuser001 -dtestdb01 -p19086 -h127.0.0.1

Password for user user001:

psql.bin (9.5.9)

Type "help" for help.

testdb01=>

testdb01=> alter user user001 set default_transaction_read_only=on;（数据库不需要重启也永久生效）

ALTER ROLE

testdb01=> create database test001;

ERROR: permission denied to create database

testdb01=> show default_transaction_read_only;

default_transaction_read_only

-------------------------------

off

(1 row)

上述的参数设置，即使是重启数据库刚才设置的只读模式也是生效的：

pg_ctl -D /data/postgresql/data -l /data/postgresql/log/postgres.log stop

pg_ctl -D /data/postgresql/data -l /data/postgresql/log/postgres.log start

[postgres@cacti ~]$ psql -Uuser001 -dtestdb01 -p19086 -h127.0.0.1

Password for user user001:

psql.bin (9.5.9)

Type "help" for help.

testdb01=> show default_transaction_read_only;

default_transaction_read_only

-------------------------------

on

(1 row)

testdb01=> create database test001;

ERROR: cannot execute CREATE DATABASE in a read-only transaction

2.设置关闭session级别的只读模式（当然在退出数据库sql交互窗口的时候设置的模式会失效):

testdb01=> set session default_transaction_read_only=off;

SET

testdb01=> show default_transaction_read_only;

default_transaction_read_only

-------------------------------

off

(1 row)

testdb01=> create database test001;

ERROR: permission denied to create database

testdb01=>

设置开启session级别的只读模式（当然在退出数据库sql交互窗口的时候设置的模式会失效）如果重启数据库，则以postgresql.conf文件的配置参数default_transaction_read_only = 为准;

默认配置文件中此参数是关闭的#default_transaction_read_only = off

testdb01=> set session default_transaction_read_only=on;

SET

testdb01=>

testdb01=> show default_transaction_read_only;

default_transaction_read_only

-------------------------------

on

(1 row)

testdb01=> create database test001;

ERROR: permission denied to create database

3.不需要修改postgresql.conf配置文件参数，巧妙的解决登陆psql设置的登陆用户的只读模式。

testdb01=> alter user user001 set default_transaction_read_only=on;

ALTER ROLE

testdb01=> show default_transaction_read_only;

default_transaction_read_only

-------------------------------

on

(1 row)

testdb01=> create database test001;

ERROR: cannot execute CREATE DATABASE in a read-only transaction

在此处可以设置session级别的读写模式，

关闭session级别的只读模式(只是临时关闭只读模式。退出psql交互窗口，刚才的设置便失效)

testdb01=> set session default_transaction_read_only=off;

testdb01=> alter user user001 set default_transaction_read_only=off;

永久关闭只读模式，这样即使是退出pgsql数据库的交互窗口，只读模式也是可以关闭的，除非修改配置文件参数为default_transaction_read_only =on来重启postgresql服务才是只读模式;