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注意:数据库版本是10g,不过大部分9i的也适用,闪回9i就没有.
1.曾经不小心把开发库的数据库表全部删除,当时吓的要死。结果找到下面的语句恢复到了1个小时之前的数据!很简单。
select * from 表名 as of timestamp sysdate-1/12 //查询两个小时前的某表数据!既然两小时以前的数据都得到了,继续怎么做,知道了吧。。
如果drop了表,怎么办??见下面:
drop table 表名;
数据库误删除表之后恢复:( 绝对ok,我就做过这样的事情,汗 )不过要记得删除了哪些表名。
flashback table 表名 to before drop;
查锁
SELECT /*+ rule */ s.username,
decode(l.type,'TM','TABLE LOCK',
'TX','ROW LOCK',
NULL) LOCK_LEVEL,
o.owner,o.object_name,o.object_type,
s.sid,s.serial#,s.terminal,s.machine,s.program,s.osuser
FROM v$session s,v$lock l,dba_objects o
WHERE l.sid = s.sid
AND l.id1 = o.object_id(+)
AND s.username is NOT NULL;
解锁
alter system kill session 'sid,serial';
如果解不了。直接倒os下kill进程kill -9 spid
ORA-28000:账户被锁定
解决办法:alter user user_name account unlock;
- 1.查看所有用户:
- select*fromdba_user;
- select*fromall_users;
- select*fromuser_users;
- 2.查看用户系统权限:
- select*fromdba_sys_privs;
- select*fromall_sys_privs;
- select*fromuser_sys_privs;
- 3.查看用户对象权限:
- select*fromdba_tab_privs;
- select*fromall_tab_privs;
- select*fromuser_tab_privs;
- 4.查看所有角色:
- select*fromdba_roles;
- 5.查看用户所拥有的角色:
- select*fromdba_role_privs;
- select*fromuser_role_privs;
1.查看所有用户: select * from dba_user; select * from all_users; select * from user_users; 2.查看用户系统权限: select * from dba_sys_privs; select * from all_sys_privs; select * from user_sys_privs; 3.查看用户对象权限: select * from dba_tab_privs; select * from all_tab_privs; select * from user_tab_privs; 4.查看所有角色: select * from dba_roles; 5.查看用户所拥有的角色: select * from dba_role_privs; select * from user_role_privs;
4.几个经常用到的oracle视图:注意表名使用大写....................
- 1.查询oracle中所有用户信息
- select*fromdba_user;
- 2.只查询用户和密码
- selectusername,passwordfromdba_users;
- 3.查询当前用户信息
- select*fromdba_ustats;
- 4.查询用户可以访问的视图文本
- select*fromdba_varrays;
- 5.查询数据库中所有视图的文本
- select*fromdba_views;
- 6.查询全部索引
- select*fromuser_indexes;
- 查询全部表格
- select*fromuser_tables;
- 查询全部约束
- select*fromuser_constraints;
- 查询全部对象
- select*fromuser_objects;
1. 查询oracle中所有用户信息 select * from dba_user; 2. 只查询用户和密码 select username,password from dba_users; 3. 查询当前用户信息 select * from dba_ustats; 4. 查询用户可以访问的视图文本 select * from dba_varrays; 5. 查询数据库中所有视图的文本 select * from dba_views; 6.查询全部索引 select * from user_indexes; 查询全部表格 select * from user_tables; 查询全部约束 select * from user_constraints; 查询全部对象 select * from user_objects;
5.查看当前数据库中正在执行的语句,然后可以继续做很多很多事情,例如查询执行计划等等
- (1).查看相关进程在数据库中的会话
- Selecta.sid,a.serial#,a.program,a.status,
- substr(a.machine,1,20),a.terminal,b.spid
- fromv$sessiona,v$processb
- wherea.paddr=b.addr
- andb.spid=&spid;
- (2).查看数据库中被锁住的对象和相关会话
- selecta.sid,a.username,
- c.owner,c.object_name
- fromv$sessiona,v$locked_objectb,all_objectsc
- wherea.sid=b.session_idand
- c.object_id=b.object_id;
- (3).查看相关会话正在执行的sql
- selectsql_textfromv$sqlareawhereaddress=
- (selectsql_addressfromv$sessionwheresid=&sid);
(1).查看相关进程在数据库中的会话 Select a.sid,substr(a.machine,b.spid from v$session a,v$process b where a.paddr=b.addr and b.spid = &spid; (2).查看数据库中被锁住的对象和相关会话 select a.sid,c.owner,c.object_name from v$session a,v$locked_object b,all_objects c where a.sid=b.session_id and c.object_id = b.object_id; (3).查看相关会话正在执行的sql select sql_text from v$sqlarea where address = ( select sql_address from v$session where sid = &sid );
6.查询表的结构:表名大写!!
select t.COLUMN_NAME,
t.DATA_TYPE,
nvl(t.DATA_PRECISION,t.DATA_LENGTH),
nvl(T.DATA_SCALE,0),
c.comments
from all_tab_columns t,user_col_comments c
whEre t.TABLE_NAME = c.table_name
and t.COLUMN_NAME = c.column_name
and t.TABLE_NAME = UPPER('OM_EMPLOYEE_T')
order by t.COLUMN_ID
7.行列互换:
- 建立一个例子表:
- CREATETABLEt_col_row(
- IDINT,
- c1VARCHAR2(10),
- c2VARCHAR2(10),
- c3VARCHAR2(10));
- INSERTINTOt_col_rowVALUES(1,'v11','v21','v31');
- INSERTINTOt_col_rowVALUES(2,'v12','v22',NULL);
- INSERTINTOt_col_rowVALUES(3,'v13',NULL,'v33');
- INSERTINTOt_col_rowVALUES(4,'v24','v34');
- INSERTINTOt_col_rowVALUES(5,'v15',NULL);
- INSERTINTOt_col_rowVALUES(6,'v35');
- INSERTINTOt_col_rowVALUES(7,NULL);
- COMMIT;
- 下面的是列转行:创建了一个视图
- CREATEviewv_row_colAS
- SELECTid,'c1'cn,c1cv
- FROMt_col_row
- UNIONALL
- SELECTid,'c2'cn,c2cv
- FROMt_col_row
- UNIONALL
- SELECTid,'c3'cn,c3cvFROMt_col_row;
- 下面是创建了没有空值的一个竖表:
- CREATEviewv_row_col_notnullAS
- SELECTid,c1cv
- FROMt_col_row
- wherec1isnotnull
- UNIONALL
- SELECTid,c2cv
- FROMt_col_row
- wherec2isnotnull
- UNIONALL
- SELECTid,c3cv
- FROMt_col_row
- wherec3isnotnull;
建立一个例子表: CREATE TABLE t_col_row( ID INT,c1 VARCHAR2(10),c2 VARCHAR2(10),c3 VARCHAR2(10)); INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (1,'v11','v21','v31'); INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (2,'v12','v22',NULL); INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (3,'v13',NULL,'v33'); INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (4,'v24','v34'); INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (5,'v15',NULL); INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (6,'v35'); INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (7,NULL); COMMIT; 下面的是列转行:创建了一个视图 CREATE view v_row_col AS SELECT id,'c1' cn,c1 cv FROM t_col_row UNION ALL SELECT id,'c2' cn,c2 cv FROM t_col_row UNION ALL SELECT id,'c3' cn,c3 cv FROM t_col_row; 下面是创建了没有空值的一个竖表: CREATE view v_row_col_notnull AS SELECT id,c1 cv FROM t_col_row where c1 is not null UNION ALL SELECT id,c2 cv FROM t_col_row where c2 is not null UNION ALL SELECT id,c3 cv FROM t_col_row where c3 is not null;
8.下面可能是dba经常使用的oracle视图吧。呵呵
- 1.示例:已知hash_value:3111103299,查询sql语句:
- select*fromv$sqltext
- wherehashvalue='3111103299'
- orderbypiece
- 2.查看消耗资源最多的sql:
- SELECThash_value,executions,buffer_gets,disk_reads,parse_calls
- FROMV$sqlAREA
- WHEREbuffer_gets>10000000ORdisk_reads>1000000
- ORDERBYbuffer_gets+100*disk_readsDESC;
- 3.查看某条sql语句的资源消耗:
- SELECThash_value,parse_calls
- FROMV$sqlAREA
- WHEREhash_Value=228801498ANDaddress=hextoraw('CBD8E4B0');
- 4.查询sql语句的动态执行计划:
- 首先使用下面的语句找到语句的在执行计划中的address和hash_code
- SELECTsql_text,address,hash_valueFROMv$sqlt
- where(sql_textlike'%FUNCTION_T(表名大写!)%')
- 然后:
- SELECToperation,options,object_name,costFROMv$sql_plan
- WHEREaddress='C00000016BD6D248'ANDhash_value=664376056;
- 5.查询oracle的版本:
- select*fromv$version;
- 6.查询数据库的一些参数:
- select*fromv$parameter
- 7.查找你的session信息
- SELECTSID,OSUSER,USERNAME,MACHINE,PROCESS
- FROMV$SESSIONWHEREaudsid=userenv('SESSIONID');
- 8.当machine已知的情况下查找session
- SELECTSID,TERMINAL
- FROMV$SESSION
- WHEREterminal='pts/tl'ANDmachine='rgmdbs1';
- 9.查找当前被某个指定session正在运行的sql语句。假设sessionID为100
- selectb.sql_text
- fromv$sessiona,v$sqlareab
- wherea.sql_hashvalue=b.hash_valueanda.sid=100
1.示例:已知hash_value:3111103299,查询sql语句: select * from v$sqltext where hashvalue='3111103299' order by piece 2.查看消耗资源最多的sql: SELECT hash_value,parse_calls FROM V$sqlAREA WHERE buffer_gets > 10000000OR disk_reads > 1000000 ORDERBY buffer_gets + 100 * disk_reads DESC; 3.查看某条sql语句的资源消耗: SELECT hash_value,parse_calls FROM V$sqlAREA WHERE hash_Value = 228801498AND address = hextoraw('CBD8E4B0'); 4.查询sql语句的动态执行计划: 首先使用下面的语句找到语句的在执行计划中的address和hash_code SELECT sql_text,hash_value FROM v$sql t where (sql_text like '%FUNCTION_T(表名大写!)%') 然后: SELECT operation,cost FROM v$sql_plan WHERE address = 'C00000016BD6D248' AND hash_value = 664376056; 5.查询oracle的版本: select * from v$version; 6.查询数据库的一些参数: select * from v$parameter 7.查找你的session信息 SELECT SID,PROCESS FROM V$SESSION WHERE audsid = userenv('SESSIONID'); 8.当machine已知的情况下查找session SELECT SID,TERMINAL FROM V$SESSION WHERE terminal = 'pts/tl' AND machine = 'rgmdbs1'; 9.查找当前被某个指定session正在运行的sql语句。假设sessionID为100 select b.sql_text from v$session a,v$sqlarea b where a.sql_hashvalue=b.hash_value and a.sid=100
9.树形结构connect by 排序:
- 查询树形的数据结构,同时对一层里面的数据进行排序
- SELECTlast_name,employee_id,manager_id,LEVEL
- FROMemployees
- STARTWITHemployee_id=100
- CONNECTBYPRIORemployee_id=manager_id
- <SPANstyle="BACKGROUND-COLOR:#ff0000">ORDERSIBLINGSBYlast_name;</SPAN>
- 下面是查询结果
- LAST_NAMEEMPLOYEE_IDMANAGER_IDLEVEL
- --------------------------------------------------------
- King1001
- Cambrault1481002
- Bates1721483
- Bloom1691483
- Fox1701483
- Kumar1731483
- Ozer1681483
- Smith1711483
- DeHaan1021002
- Hunold1031023
- Austin1051034
- Ernst1041034
- Lorentz1071034
- Pataballa1061034
- Errazuriz1471002
- Ande1661473
- Banda1671473
查询树形的数据结构,同时对一层里面的数据进行排序 SELECT last_name,LEVEL FROM employees START WITH employee_id = 100 CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name; 下面是查询结果 LAST_NAME EMPLOYEE_ID MANAGER_ID LEVEL ------------------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- King 100 1 Cambrault 148 100 2 Bates 172 148 3 Bloom 169 148 3 Fox 170 148 3 Kumar 173 148 3 Ozer 168 148 3 Smith 171 148 3 De Haan 102 100 2 Hunold 103 102 3 Austin 105 103 4 Ernst 104 103 4 Lorentz 107 103 4 Pataballa 106 103 4 Errazuriz 147 100 2 Ande 166 147 3 Banda 167 147 3
10.有时候写多了东西,居然还忘记最基本的sql语法,下面全部写出来,基本的oracle语句都在这里可以找到了。是很基础的语句!
- 1.在数据字典查询约束的相关信息:
- SELECTconstraint_name,constraint_type,search_condition
- FROMuser_constraintsWHEREtable_name='EMPLOYEES';
- //这里的表名都是大写!
- 2对表结构进行说明:
- descTablename
- 3查看用户下面有哪些表
- selecttable_namefromuser_tables;
- 4查看约束在那个列上建立:
- SELECTconstraint_name,column_name
- FROMuser_cons_columns
- WHEREtable_name='EMPLOYEES';
- 10结合变量查找相关某个表中约束的相关列名:
- selectconstraint_name,column_namefromuser_cons_columnswheretable_name='&tablename'
- 12查询数据字典看中间的元素:
- SELECTobject_name,object_type
- FROMuser_objects
- WHEREobject_nameLIKE'EMP%'
- ORobject_nameLIKE'DEPT%'
- 14查询对象类型:
- SELECTDISTINCTobject_typeFROMuser_objects;
- 17改变对象名:(表名,视图,序列)
- renameemptoemp_newTable
- 18添加表的注释:
- COMMENTONTABLEemployeesIS'EmployeeInformation';
- 20查看视图结构:
- describeview_name
- 23在数据字典中查看视图信息:
- selectviewe_name,textfromuser_views
- 25查看数据字典中的序列:
- select*fromuser_sequences
- 33得到所有的时区名字信息:
- select*fromv$timezone_names
- 34显示对时区‘US/Eastern’的时区偏移量
- selectTZ_OFFSET('US/Eastern')fromDUAL--dual英文意思是‘双重的’
- 显示当前会话时区中的当前日期和时间:
- ALTERSESSIONSETNLS_DATE_FORMAT='DD-MON-YYYYHH24:MI:SS';--修改显示时间的方式的设置
- ALTERSESSIONSETTIME_ZONE='-5:0';--修改时区
- SELECTSESSIONTIMEZONE,CURRENT_DATEFROMDUAL;--真正有用的语句!
- SELECTCURRENT_TIMESTAMPFROMDUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间,含有时区
- SELECTCURRENT_TIMESTAMPFROMDUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间,不含有时区!!!
- 35显示数据库时区和会话时区的值:
- selectdatimezone,sessiontimezonefromdual;
- 13普通的建表语句:
- CREATETABLEdept
- (deptnoNUMBER(2),
- dnameVARCHAR2(14),
- locVARCHAR2(13));
- 15使用子查询建立表:
- CREATETABLEdept80
- ASSELECTemployee_id,last_name,
- salary*12ANNSAL,
- hire_dateFROMemployeesWHEREdepartment_id=80;
- 6添加列://altertableEMPaddcolumn(dept_idnumber(7));错误!!
- altertableEMPadd(dept_idnumber(7));
- 7删除一列:
- altertableempdropcolumndept_id;
- 8添加列名同时和约束:
- altertableEMPadd(dept_idnumber(7)
- constraintmy_emp_dept_id_fkreferencesdept(ID));
- 9改变列://注意约束不能够修改的!!
- altertabledept80modify(last_namevarchar2(30));//这里使用的是modify而不是alter!
- 24增加一行:
- insertintotable_namevalues();
- 5添加主键:
- alterTableEMPaddconstraintmy_emp_id_pkprimarykey(ID);
- 11添加一个有check约束的新列:
- altertableEMP
- add(COMMISSIONnumber(2)constraintemp_commission_ckcheck(commission>0))
- 16删除表:
- droptableemp;
- 19创建视图:
- CREATEVIEWempvu80
- ASSELECTemployee_id,salary
- FROMemployeesWHEREdepartment_id=80;
- 21删除视图:
- dropviewview_name
- 22找到工资最高的5个人。(top-n分析)(行内视图)
- selectrownum,employee_idfrom(selectemployee_id,salaryfrom
- employeesorderbysalarydesc)
- whererownum<5;
- 26建立同义词:
- createsynonym同义词名for原来的名字
- 或者createpublicsynonym同义词名for原来的名字
- 27建立序列:(注意,这里并没有出现说是哪个表里面的序列!!)
- CREATESEQUENCEdept_deptid_seq
- INCREMENTBY10
- STARTWITH120
- MAXVALUE9999
- NOCACHE
- NOCYCLE
- 28使用序列:
- insertintodept(ID,NAME)values(DEPT_ID_SEQ.nextval,'Administration');
- 29建立索引://默认就是nonunique索引,除非使用了关键字:unique
- CREATEINDEXemp_last_name_idxONemployees(last_name);
- 30建立用户:(可能有错,详细查看帮助)
- createuserusername(用户名)
- identifiedbyoracle(密码)
- defaulttablespacedata01(表空间名//默认存在system表空间里面)
- quota10M(设置大小,最大为unlimited)on表空间名//必须分配配额!
- 31创建角色:createROLEmanager
- 赋予角色权限:grantcreatetable,createviewtomanage
- 赋予用户角色:grantmanagertoDENHAAN,KOCHHAR(两个用户)
- 32分配权限:
- GRANTupdate(department_name,location_id)
- ONdepartments
- TOscott,manager;
- 回收权限
- REVOKEselect,insert
- ONdepartments
- FROMscott;
- 36从时间中提取年,月,日:使用函数extract
- selectextract(yearfromsysdate)year,extract(monthfromsysdate),
- extract(dayfromsysdate)fromdual;
- 37使用函数得到数月之后的日期:to_yminterval(‘01-02’)表示加上1年2月,不能够到天!!
- selecthire_date,hire_date+to_yminterval('01-02')ashire_date_newfromemployeeswheredepartment_id=20
- 得到多少天之后的日期:直接日期加数字!
- selecthire_date+3fromemployeeswheredepartment_id=20
- 38一般的时间函数:
- MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')--两个日期之间的月数,返回一个浮点数
- ADD_MONTHS('11-JAN-94',6)--添加月数
- NEXT_DAY('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')--下一个星期五的日期
- LAST_DAY('01-FEB-95')--当月的最后一天!
- ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH')--四舍五入月
- ROUND(SYSDATE,'YEAR')--四舍五入年
- TRUNC(SYSDATE,'MONTH')--阶段月
- TRUNC(SYSDATE,'YEAR')--截断年
- 39group语句:和高级的应用语句:
- SELECTdepartment_id,job_id,SUM(salary),COUNT(employee_id)FROMemployees
- GROUPBYdepartment_id,job_id;
- 使用having进行约束:
- 1.groupbyrollup:对n列组合得到n+1种情况
- SELECTdepartment_id,SUM(salary)FROMemployeesWHEREdepartment_id<60GROUPBYROLLUP(department_id,job_id);
- 2.groupbycube:得到2的n次方种情况
- SELECTdepartment_id,SUM(salary)FROMemployeesWHEREdepartment_id<60GROUPBYCUBE(department_id,job_id);
- 3.使用grouping得到一行中构成列的情况,只是返回1和0:是空的话就返回1,否则返回0(注意不要弄反了!)
- SELECTdepartment_idDEPTID,job_idJOB,GROUPING(department_id)GRP_DEPT,GROUPING(job_id)GRP_JOB
- FROMemployeesWHEREdepartment_id<50GROUPBYROLLUP(department_id,job_id);
- 4.groupingsets:根据需要得到制定的组合情况
- SELECTdepartment_id,avg(salary)FROMemployeesGROUPBYGROUPINGSETS((department_id,job_id),(job_id,manager_id));
- 40from中使用子查询:返回每个部门中大于改部门平均工资的与员工信息
- SELECTa.last_name,a.salary,a.department_id,b.salavgFROMemployeesa,--下面的地方就是子查询了,主要返回的是一组数据!
- (SELECTdepartment_id,AVG(salary)salavgFROMemployeesGROUPBYdepartment_id)b
- WHEREa.department_id=b.department_id
- ANDa.salary>b.salavg;
- 41exists语句的使用:
- SELECTemployee_id,department_id
- FROMemployeesouter--下面的exists里面的select选择出来的是随便的一个字符或者数字都可以
- WHEREEXISTS(SELECT'X'FROMemployeesWHEREmanager_id=outer.employee_id);
- 42厉害的with语句:
- WITH
- dept_costsAS(--定义了一个临时的表
- SELECTd.department_name,SUM(e.salary)ASdept_total--其间定义了一个临时的列dept_total
- FROMemployeese,departmentsd
- WHEREe.department_id=d.department_id
- GROUPBYd.department_name),/*注意这里有逗号*/
- avg_costAS(
- SELECTSUM(dept_total)/COUNT(*)ASdept_avg
- FROMdept_costs)--这里的第二张临时表里面就引用了前面定义的临时表和之间的列!
- SELECT*FROMdept_costsWHEREdept_total>(SELECTdept_avgFROMavg_cost)ORDERBYdepartment_name;---最后的查询语句中使用了前面的临时表
- 43遍历树:
- SELECTemployee_id,manager_id
- FROMemployees
- STARTWITHemployee_id=101
- CONNECTBYPRIORmanager_id=employee_id;--自底向上的遍历树。
- 44.更新语句
- UPDATEemployeesSET
- job_id='SA_MAN',salary=salary+1000,department_id=120
- WHEREfirst_name||''||last_name='DouglasGrant';
- UPDATETABLE(SELECTprojs
- FROMdeptdWHEREd.dno=123)p
- SETp.budgets=p.budgets+1
- WHEREp.pnoIN(123,456);
1.在数据字典查询约束的相关信息: SELECT constraint_name,search_condition FROM user_constraints WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES'; //这里的表名都是大写! 2对表结构进行说明: desc Tablename 3查看用户下面有哪些表 select table_name from user_tables; 4查看约束在那个列上建立: SELECT constraint_name,column_name FROM user_cons_columns WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES'; 10结合变量查找相关某个表中约束的相关列名: select constraint_name,column_name from user_cons_columns where table_name = '&tablename' 12查询数据字典看中间的元素: SELECT object_name,object_type FROM user_objects WHERE object_name LIKE 'EMP%' OR object_name LIKE 'DEPT%' 14查询对象类型: SELECT DISTINCT object_type FROM user_objects ; 17改变对象名:(表名,视图,序列) rename emp to emp_newTable 18添加表的注释: COMMENT ON TABLE employees IS 'Employee Information'; 20查看视图结构: describe view_name 23在数据字典中查看视图信息: select viewe_name,text from user_views 25查看数据字典中的序列: select * from user_sequences 33得到所有的时区名字信息: select * from v$timezone_names 34显示对时区‘US/Eastern’的时区偏移量 select TZ_OFFSET('US/Eastern') from DUAL--dual英文意思是‘双重的’ 显示当前会话时区中的当前日期和时间: ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS';--修改显示时间的方式的设置 ALTER SESSION SET TIME_ZONE = '-5:0';--修改时区 SELECT SESSIONTIMEZONE,CURRENT_DATE FROM DUAL;--真正有用的语句! SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间,含有时区 SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间,不含有时区!!! 35显示数据库时区和会话时区的值: select datimezone,sessiontimezone from dual; 13普通的建表语句: CREATE TABLE dept (deptno NUMBER(2),dname VARCHAR2(14),loc VARCHAR2(13)); 15使用子查询建立表: CREATE TABLE dept80 AS SELECT employee_id,salary*12 ANNSAL,hire_date FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80; 6添加列:// alter table EMP add column (dept_id number(7));错误!! alter table EMP add (dept_id number(7)); 7删除一列: alter table emp drop column dept_id; 8添加列名同时和约束: alter table EMP add (dept_id number(7) constraint my_emp_dept_id_fk references dept(ID)); 9改变列://注意约束不能够修改 的!! alter table dept80 modify(last_name varchar2(30));//这里使用的是modify而不是alter! 24增加一行: insert into table_name values(); 5添加主键: alter Table EMP add constraint my_emp_id_pk primary key (ID); 11添加一个有check约束的新列: alter table EMP add (COMMISSION number(2) constraint emp_commission_ck check(commission>0)) 16删除表: drop table emp; 19创建视图: CREATE VIEW empvu80 AS SELECT employee_id,salary FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80; 21删除视图: drop view view_name 22找到工资最高的5个人。(top-n分析)(行内视图) select rownum,employee_id from (select employee_id,salary from employees order by salary desc) where rownum<5; 26建立同义词: create synonym 同义词名 for 原来的名字 或者 create public synonym 同义词名 for 原来的名字 27建立序列:(注意,这里并没有出现说是哪个表里面的序列!!) CREATE SEQUENCE dept_deptid_seq INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 120 MAXVALUE 9999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE 28使用序列: insert into dept(ID,NAME) values(DEPT_ID_SEQ.nextval,'Administration'); 29建立索引://默认就是nonunique索引,除非使用了关键字:unique CREATE INDEX emp_last_name_idx ON employees(last_name); 30建立用户:(可能有错,详细查看帮助) create user username(用户名) identified by oracle(密码) default tablespace data01(表空间名//默认存在system表空间里面) quota 10M(设置大小,最大为unlimited) on 表空间名//必须分配配额! 31创建角色:create ROLE manager 赋予角色权限:grant create table,create view to manage 赋予用户角色:grant manager to DENHAAN,KOCHHAR( 两个用户) 32分配权限: GRANT update (department_name,location_id) ON departments TO scott,manager; 回收权限 REVOKE select,insert ON departments FROM scott; 36从时间中提取年,月,日:使用函数extract select extract(year from sysdate) year,extract(month from sysdate),extract(day from sysdate) from dual; 37使用函数得到数月之后的日期:to_yminterval(‘01-02’)表示加上1年2月,不能够到天!! select hire_date,hire_date +to_yminterval('01-02') as hire_date_new from employees where department_id=20 得到多少天之后的日期:直接日期加数字! select hire_date +3 from employees where department_id=20 38一般的时间函数: MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')--两个日期之间的月数,返回一个浮点数 ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)--添加月数 NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') --下一个星期五的日期 LAST_DAY('01-FEB-95')--当月的最后一天! ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH') --四舍五入月 ROUND(SYSDATE,'YEAR') --四舍五入年 TRUNC(SYSDATE,'MONTH') --阶段月 TRUNC(SYSDATE,'YEAR') --截断年 39 group语句:和高级的应用语句: SELECT department_id,SUM(salary),COUNT(employee_id) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id,job_id ; 使用having进行约束: 1.group by rollup:对n列组合得到n+1种情况 SELECT department_id,SUM(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id < 60 GROUP BY ROLLUP(department_id,job_id); 2.group by cube:得到2的n次方种情况 SELECT department_id,SUM(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id < 60 GROUP BY CUBE (department_id,job_id) ; 3.使用grouping得到一行中构成列的情况,只是返回1和0:是空的话就返回1,否则返回0(注意不要弄反了!) SELECT department_id DEPTID,job_id JOB,GROUPING(department_id) GRP_DEPT,GROUPING(job_id) GRP_JOB FROM employees WHERE department_id < 50 GROUP BY ROLLUP(department_id,job_id); 4.grouping sets:根据需要得到制定的组合情况 SELECT department_id,avg(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((department_id,manager_id)); 40from中使用子查询:返回每个部门中大于改部门平均工资的与员工信息 SELECT a.last_name,b.salavg FROM employees a,--下面的地方就是子查询了,主要返回的是一组数据! (SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) salavg FROM employees GROUP BY department_id) b WHERE a.department_id = b.department_id AND a.salary > b.salavg; 41exists语句的使用: SELECT employee_id,department_id FROM employees outer--下面的 exists里面的select选择出来的是随便的一个字符或者数字都可以 WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 'X' FROM employees WHERE manager_id = outer.employee_id); 42厉害的with语句: WITH dept_costs AS (--定义了一个临时的表 SELECT d.department_name,SUM(e.salary) AS dept_total--其间定义了一个临时的列dept_total FROM employees e,departments d WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id GROUP BY d.department_name),/*注意这里有逗号*/ avg_cost AS ( SELECT SUM(dept_total)/COUNT(*) AS dept_avg FROM dept_costs)--这里的第二张临时表里面就引用了前面定义的临时表和之间的列! SELECT * FROM dept_costs WHERE dept_total > (SELECT dept_avg FROM avg_cost) ORDER BY department_name;---最后的查询语句中使用了前面的临时表 43遍历树: SELECT employee_id,manager_id FROM employees START WITH employee_id = 101 CONNECT BY PRIOR manager_id = employee_id ;--自底向上的遍历树。 44.更新语句 UPDATE employees SET job_id = 'SA_MAN',salary = salary + 1000,department_id = 120 WHERE first_name||' '||last_name = 'Douglas Grant'; UPDATE TABLE (SELECT projs FROM dept d WHERE d.dno = 123) p SET p.budgets = p.budgets + 1 WHERE p.pno IN (123,456);
11.导入导出dmp文件:
imp 用户名/密码@数据库 ignore=y file=备份文件 log=D:\DBtest\db_bak\imp.log
exp system/manager@TEST file=d:\daochu.dmp full=y
12.大对象字段blob:查看blob字段的大小:
select dbms_lob.getLength (字段名) from 表名;
13.下面收集的是有意思的sql语句,说不定正是你需要的:
- --创建一个只允许在工作时间访问的视图
- createorreplaceviewnewviewemp
- as
- select*from表名
- whereexists(select1fromdualwheresysdate>=
- to_date(to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd')||'08:00:00','yyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss')
- andsysdate<
- to_date(to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd')||'18:00:00','yyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss'))
14.存储过程中执行ddl语句:
Create Or Replace Procedure My_Proc As
sqlddl Varchar2(1000);
Begin
sqlddl := 'create table MyTable(ID Number(5),Name Varchar2(20))';
Dbms_Output.Put_Line(sqlddl);
Execute Immediate sqlddl; End;