Oracle 11g 使用RMAN备份数据库

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使用Oracle自带的备份恢复工具RMAN(Recovery Manager)具有以下几种优势:


配置快闪恢复区(flash recovery area)

快闪恢复区是存储备份和恢复数据文件以及相关信息的存储区。需要设置两个参数:db_recovery_file_dest_size(快闪恢复区的最大容量),db_recovery_file_dest(快闪恢复区所在的路径)。

查看快闪恢复区信息:

sql>showparameterdb_recovery_file_dest;
NAMETYPEVALUE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
db_recovery_file_deststring/data/app/oracle/recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_sizebiginteger3882M

修改快闪恢复区大小:

sql>altersystemsetdb_recovery_file_dest_size=2g;
Systemaltered.
sql>showparameterdb_recovery_file_dest;
NAMETYPEVALUE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
db_recovery_file_deststring/data/app/oracle/recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_sizebiginteger2G

查看使用情况:

sql>selectname,space_limit,space_used,number_of_filesfromv$recovery_file_dest;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPACE_LIMITSPACE_USEDNUMBER_OF_FILES
------------------------------------
/data/app/oracle/recovery_area
214748364800

显示没有使用。

也可以使用此命令查看详细信息:

sql>selectfile_type,percent_space_used,percent_space_reclaimable,number_of_filesfromv$flash_recovery_area_usage;


建立RMAN到数据库的连接

创建rman用户,并授权:

[oracle@temp-testoracle]$sqlplus/nolog
sql>connect/assysdba
Connected.
sql>createuserrmanidentifiedbyoracle;
Usercreated.
sql>grantresource,connect,dbatorman;
Grantsucceeded.
sql>quit

使用rman用户登录RMAN:

[oracle@temp-testoracle]$rmantargetrman/oracle
RecoveryManager:Release11.2.0.1.0-ProductiononFriNov316:59:272017
Copyright(c)1982,2009,Oracleand/oritsaffiliates.Allrightsreserved.
connectedtotargetdatabase:ORCL(DBID=1486802665)
RMAN>

也可以使用如下方式登录

[oracle@temp-testoracle]$rman
RecoveryManager:Release11.2.0.1.0-ProductiononFriNov317:00:352017
Copyright(c)1982,Oracleand/oritsaffiliates.Allrightsreserved.
RMAN>connecttargetsystem/rman
connectedtotargetdatabase:ORCL(DBID=1486802665)
RMAN>connecttargetrman/oracle

也可以使用操作系统认证连接RMAN:

[oracle@temp-testoracle]$rmantarget/
RecoveryManager:Release11.2.0.1.0-ProductiononFriNov317:02:522017
Copyright(c)1982,Oracleand/oritsaffiliates.Allrightsreserved.
connectedtotargetdatabase:ORCL(DBID=1486802665)
RMAN>


配置RMAN

查看RMAN的配置参数:

RMAN>showall;
usingtargetdatabasecontrolfileinsteadofrecoverycatalog
RMANconfigurationparametersfordatabasewithdb_unique_nameORCLare:
CONFIGURERETENTIONPOLICYTOREDUNDANCY1;#default
CONFIGUREBACKUPOPTIMIZATIONOFF;#default
CONFIGUREDEFAULTDEVICETYPETODISK;#default
CONFIGURECONTROLFILEAUTOBACKUPOFF;#default
CONFIGURECONTROLFILEAUTOBACKUPFORMATFORDEVICETYPEDISKTO'%F';#default
CONFIGUREDEVICETYPEDISKPARALLELISM1BACKUPTYPETOBACKUPSET;#default
CONFIGUREDATAFILEBACKUPCOPIESFORDEVICETYPEDISKTO1;#default
CONFIGUREARCHIVELOGBACKUPCOPIESFORDEVICETYPEDISKTO1;#default
CONFIGUREMAXSETSIZETOUNLIMITED;#default
CONFIGUREENCRYPTIONFORDATABASEOFF;#default
CONFIGUREENCRYPTIONALGORITHM'AES128';#default
CONFIGURECOMPRESSIONALGORITHM'BASIC'ASOFRELEASE'DEFAULT'OPTIMIZEFORLOADTRUE;#default
CONFIGUREARCHIVELOGDELETIONPOLICYTONONE;#default
CONFIGURESNAPSHOTCONTROLFILENAMETO'/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f';#default

参数含义:

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1

保留的备份副本数量,表示只保留一个数据文件的副本,并且保留最新的备份副本。

CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK

数据文件默认备份到磁盘上,也可以是其他设备如磁带(sbt)

CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF

不使用备份优化,启用备份优化的作用是如果已经备份了某个文件的相同版本,则不会再备份该文件。,只保留一份备份文件

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF

不启动控制文件自动备份修改为ON之后,如果数据库结构发生变化或者在备份数据库过程中,控制文件自动再备份到指定目录下

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET

备份通道数量为1,默认使用备份集的方式。通道数量越多,执行任务时间越短。


如果要修改参数,可以执行如下命令:

开启备份优化:

RMAN>CONFIGUREBACKUPOPTIMIZATIONON;
newRMANconfigurationparameters:
CONFIGUREBACKUPOPTIMIZATIONON;
newRMANconfigurationparametersaresuccessfullystored

设置备份类型为Copy,也就是映像模式:

RMAN>CONFIGUREDEVICETYPEDISKBACKUPTYPETOCOPY;
newRMANconfigurationparameters:
CONFIGUREDEVICETYPEDISKBACKUPTYPETOCOPYPARALLELISM1;
newRMANconfigurationparametersaresuccessfullystored

备份控制文件到快闪恢复区:

RMAN>backupcurrentcontrolfile;
Startingbackupat03-NOV-17
usingchannelORA_DISK_1
channelORA_DISK_1:startingdatafilecopy
copyingcurrentcontrolfile
outputfilename=/data/app/oracle/recovery_area/ORCL/controlfile/o1_mf_TAG20171103T180113_dzrhm9vk_.ctltag=TAG20171103T180113RECID=3STAMP=959104874
channelORA_DISK_1:datafilecopycomplete,elapsedtime:00:00:01
Finishedbackupat03-NOV-17

如果没有指定快闪恢复区也可以用手动指定路径:

将快闪恢复区改为test目录

sql>connect/assysdba
Connected.
sql>showparameterdb_recovery_file_dest;
NAMETYPEVALUE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
db_recovery_file_deststring/data/app/oracle/recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_sizebiginteger2G
sql>altersystemsetdb_recovery_file_dest='/data/app/oracle/test';

Systemaltered.

sql>showparameterdb_recovery_file_dest;

NAME				TYPE	VALUE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
db_recovery_file_dest		string	/data/app/oracle/test
db_recovery_file_dest_size	biginteger2G

配置控制文件备份的磁盘类型和备份目录,路径以%F结尾:

RMAN>configurecontrolfileautobackupformatfordevicetypediskto'/data/app/oracle/test/%F';

newRMANconfigurationparameters:
CONFIGURECONTROLFILEAUTOBACKUPFORMATFORDEVICETYPEDISKTO'/data/app/oracle/test/%F';
newRMANconfigurationparametersaresuccessfullystored


RMAN脱机备份

RMAN脱机备份需要关闭数据库,启动数据库到mount状态。

[oracle@temp-testoracle]$sqlplus/nolog
sql>connect/assysdba
Connected.
sql>shutdownimmediate;
Databaseclosed.
Databasedismounted.
ORACLEinstanceshutdown.
sql>startupmount;
ORACLEinstancestarted.

TotalSystemGlobalArea1586708480bytes
FixedSize		2213736bytes
VariableSize		939526296bytes
DatabaseBuffers	637534208bytes
RedoBuffers		7434240bytes
Databasemounted.
sql>quit

进入RMAN,备份数据:

先查看数据备份的默认参数,备份方式(copy或backupset),和备份格式(disk 或其他)

RMAN>showall;
usingtargetdatabasecontrolfileinsteadofrecoverycatalog
RMANconfigurationparametersfordatabasewithdb_unique_nameORCLare:
CONFIGURERETENTIONPOLICYTOREDUNDANCY1;#default
CONFIGUREBACKUPOPTIMIZATIONON;
CONFIGUREDEFAULTDEVICETYPETODISK;#default
CONFIGURECONTROLFILEAUTOBACKUPOFF;#default
CONFIGURECONTROLFILEAUTOBACKUPFORMATFORDEVICETYPEDISKTO'%F';#default
CONFIGUREDEVICETYPEDISKBACKUPTYPETOCOPYPARALLELISM1;
CONFIGUREDATAFILEBACKUPCOPIESFORDEVICETYPEDISKTO1;#default
CONFIGUREARCHIVELOGBACKUPCOPIESFORDEVICETYPEDISKTO1;#default
CONFIGUREMAXSETSIZETOUNLIMITED;#default
CONFIGUREENCRYPTIONFORDATABASEOFF;#default
CONFIGUREENCRYPTIONALGORITHM'AES128';#default
CONFIGURECOMPRESSIONALGORITHM'BASIC'ASOFRELEASE'DEFAULT'OPTIMIZEFORLOADTRUE;#default
CONFIGUREARCHIVELOGDELETIONPOLICYTONONE;#default
CONFIGURESNAPSHOTCONTROLFILENAMETO'/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f';#default

执行备份命令使用copy方式,映像复制整个库:

RMAN>backupascopydatabase;

如果是使用默认的backupset模式,可以使用:

RMAN>backupascompressedbackupsetdatabase;

备份完成后,打开数据库

RMAN>sql'alterdatabaSEOpen';
sqlstatement:alterdatabaSEOpen


RMAN联机备份整个数据库

联机备份必须要设置快闪恢复区,快闪恢复区要足够大,并且数据库要置于归档模式。在数据库进行备份的同时,可以进行DML操作,可以正常读取,新的DML操作记录会在重做日志文件中,如果备份时间很长,而且在这个期间产生了大量的数据变化,重做日志会切换从而将这些变化的数据写到归档日志文件中。这里的归档日志就类似于MysqL的binlog,在出现介质故障的时候,使用备份和归档日志记录和完成数据的全部恢复。

查看数据库归档模式是否开启,当前属于关闭状态:

sql>archiveloglist;
DatabaselogmodeNoArchiveMode
AutomaticarchivalDisabled
ArchivedestinationUSE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldestonlinelogsequence22
Currentlogsequence24

开启日志归档:

sql>alterdatabasearchivelog;
alterdatabasearchivelog
*
ERRORatline1:
ORA-01126:databasemustbemountedinthisinstanceandnotopeninany
instance

日志归档必须在mount模式,关闭数据库启动到mount模式,开启归档模式:

sql>shutdownimmediate;
Databaseclosed.
Databasedismounted.
ORACLEinstanceshutdown.

sql>startupmount;
ORACLEinstancestarted.
TotalSystemGlobalArea1586708480bytes
FixedSize2213736bytes
VariableSize1040189592bytes
DatabaseBuffers536870912bytes
RedoBuffers7434240bytes
Databasemounted.

sql>alterdatabasearchivelog;
Databasealtered.
sql>alterdatabaSEOpen;
Databasealtered.

sql>archiveloglist;
DatabaselogmodeArchiveMode
AutomaticarchivalEnabled
ArchivedestinationUSE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldestonlinelogsequence22
Nextlogsequencetoarchive24
Currentlogsequence24

使用RMAN联机备份数据库

RMAN>backupascompressedbackupsetdatabaseplusarchivelogdeleteallinput;

使用备份集格式进行备份,并采用压缩的方式,压缩比例大概为5:1。备份数据文件,同时也备份归档日志文件,备份完成之后会将已经备份的归档日志文件从存储目录中删除,清除归档空间。

备份表空间:

RMAN>backuptablespaceusers;
Startingbackupat06-NOV-17
usingchannelORA_DISK_1
channelORA_DISK_1:startingdatafilecopy
inputdatafilefilenumber=00004name=/data/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
outputfilename=/data/app/oracle/test/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_users_dzzxzmxv_.dbftag=TAG20171106T134939RECID=12STAMP=959348980
channelORA_DISK_1:datafilecopycomplete,elapsedtime:00:00:01
Finishedbackupat06-NOV-17

使用压缩:

RMAN>backupascompressedbackupsettablespaceusers;

使用RMAN备份数据文件,%U表示自动分配一个唯一的命名:

RMAN>backupasbackupsetdatafile1format'/data/app/backup/datafile_1_%U';

清除命令,慎用

清除旧的备份文件set格式:

RMAN>deleteobsolete;
RMAN>crosscheckbackupset;
RMAN>deleteexpiredbackupset;

清楚旧的备份文件和所有备份,copy模式:

RMAN>listdatafilecopyall;
RMAN>deleteexpiredbackupcopy;
RMAN>crosscheckdatafilecopyall;
RMAN>deleteexpiredbackupcopy;

如果是由于快闪恢复区容量限制,可以修改快闪恢复区的路径和容量:

sql>altersystemsetdb_recovery_file_dest='/data/app/oracle/test';
sql>altersystemsetdb_recovery_file_dest_size=10g;

RMAN增量备份

使用backup database时,都是全库备份,每次这样备份很耗时也占用磁盘空间,RMAN的增量备份就能解决这些问题。

这里有两种备份级别,级别0备份为全库备份,级别1的备份为增量备份,一般情况下需要对数据进行0级别的备份之后在进行级别1的增量备份。

RMAN>backupincrementallevel0database;

级别1的差异增量备份:

RMAN>backupincrementallevel1database;


对映像副本进行增量备份

RMAN>run{
2>backupincrementallevel1forrecoverofcopywithtag'incr_copy_backup'database;
3>recovercopyofdatabasewithtag'incr_copy_backup';
4>}

每次执行这条命令,就可以使用映像的方式对数据库进行增量备份。

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