Oracle可以使用alter tablespace/table xxx read only设置表空间/单个表的只读属性，并使用alter tablespace/table xxx read write解除只读属性。

环境：Oracle 12c

测试过程：

1. 设置表空间的只读属性
sql> create table t1(id int) tablespace tbs1;

Table created.

sql> insert into t1 values(111);

1 row created.

sql> alter tablespace tbs1 read only;

Tablespace altered.

sql> select * from t1;

ID
----------
111

sql> insert into t1 values(111);
insert into t1 values(111)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00372: file 13 cannot be modified at this time
ORA-01110: data file 13: '/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs01.dbf'

2. 解除表空间只读属性
sql> alter tablespace tbs1 read write;

Tablespace altered.

sql> insert into t1 values(112);

1 row created.

3. 设置单个表的只读属性
sql> alter table t1 read only;

Table altered.

sql> insert into t1 values(113);
insert into t1 values(113)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed on table "SYS"."T1"

4. 解除单个表的只读属性
sql> alter table t1 read write;

Table altered.

sql> insert into t1 values(114); 1 row created.