15个初学者必看的基础SQL查询语句

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本文将分享15个初学者必看的基础SQL查询语句，都很基础，但是你不一定都会，所以好好看看吧。

1、创建表和数据插入sql

我们在开始创建数据表和向表中插入演示数据之前，我想给大家解释一下实时数据表的设计理念，这样也许能帮助大家能更好的理解SQL查询。

在数据库设计中，有一条非常重要的规则就是要正确建立主键和外键的关系。

现在我们来创建几个餐厅订单管理的数据表，一共用到3张数据表，Item Master表、Order Master表和Order Detail表。

创建表：

创建Item Master表：

sql;"> CREATE TABLE [dbo].[ItemMasters]( [Item_Code] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,[Item_Name] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,[Price] Int NOT NULL,[TAX1] Int NOT NULL,[Discount] Int NOT NULL,[Description] [varchar](200) NOT NULL,[IN_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,[IN_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,[UP_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,[UP_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,CONSTRAINT [PK_ItemMasters] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [Item_Code] ASC )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF,STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF,IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF,ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON,ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY] ) ON [PRIMARY]

向Item Master表插入数据：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item001','Coke',55,1,'Coke which need to be cold',GETDATE(),'SHANU','SHANU')

INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item002','Coffee',40,2,'Coffe Might be Hot or Cold user choice',[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item003','Chiken Burger',125,5,'Spicy',[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item004','Potato Fry',15,'No Comments','SHANU')

创建Order Master表：

sql;"> CREATE TABLE [dbo].[OrderMasters]( [Order_No] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,[Table_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderMasters] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [Order_No] ASC )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF,ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY] ) ON [PRIMARY]

向Order Master表插入数据：

sql;"> INSERT INTO [OrderMasters] ([Order_No],[Table_ID],[UP_USR_ID]) VALUES ('Ord_001','T1','','SHANU')

INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]
([Order_No],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Ord_002','T2','Mak','MAK')

INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]
([Order_No],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Ord_003','T3','RAJ','RAJ')

创建Order Detail表：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[OrderDetails](
[Order_Detail_No] varchar NOT NULL,[Order_No] varchar CONSTRAINT fk_OrderMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES OrderMasters(Order_No),[Item_Code] varchar CONSTRAINT fk_ItemMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES ItemMasters(Item_Code),[Notes] varchar NOT NULL,[QTY] INT NOT NULL,CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderDetails] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[Order_Detail_No] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF,ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

--Now let’s insert the 3 items for the above Order No 'Ord_001'.
INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('OR_Dt_001','Ord_001','Item001','Need very Cold',3,'SHANU')

INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
([Order_Detail_No],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('OR_Dt_002','Item004','very Hot ',[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('OR_Dt_003','Item003','Very Spicy',4,'SHANU')

向Order Detail表插入数据：

sql;"> INSERT INTO [OrderDetails] ([Order_Detail_No],[UP_USR_ID]) VALUES ('OR_Dt_004','Ord_002','Item002','Need very Hot',[UP_USR_ID]) VALUES ('OR_Dt_005',[UP_USR_ID]) VALUES ('OR_Dt_006','Ord_003','SHANU')

2、简单的Select查询语句

Select查询语句是sql中最基本也是最重要的DML语句之一。那么什么是DML？DML全称Data Manipulation Language（数据操纵语言命令），它可以使用户能够查询数据库以及操作已有数据库中的数据。

下面我们在sql Server中用select语句来查询我的姓名(Name)：

sql;"> SELECT 'My Name Is SYED SHANU' -- With Column Name using 'AS' SELECT 'My Name Is SYED SHANU' as 'MY NAME' -- With more then the one Column SELECT 'My Name' as 'Column1','Is' as 'Column2','SYED SHANU' as 'Column3'

在数据表中使用select查询：

sql;"> -- To Display all the columns from the table we use * operator in select Statement. Select * from ItemMasters -- If we need to select only few fields from a table we can use the Column Name in Select Statement. Select Item_Code,Item_name as Item,Price,Description,In_DATE FROM ItemMasters

3、合计和标量函数

合计函数和标量函数都是sql Server的内置函数，我们可以在select查询语句中使用它们，比如Count(),Max(),Sum(),Upper(),lower(),Round()等等。下面我们用sql代码来解释这些函数的用法：

returns the Total no of records from table,AVG() returns the Average Value from Colum,MAX() Returns MaX Value from Column --,MIN() returns Min Value from Column,SUM() sum of total from Column Select Count(*) TotalRows,AVG(Price) AVGPrice,MAX(Price) MAXPrice,MIN(Price) MinPrice,Sum(price) PriceTotal FROM ItemMasters

-- Scalar
-- UCASE() -> Convert to Upper Case,LCASE() -> Convert to Lower Case,-- SUBSTRING() ->Display selected char from column ->SUBSTRING(ColumnName,StartIndex,LenthofChartoDisplay)
--,LEN() -> lenth of column date,-- ROUND() -> Which will round the value
SELECT UPPER(Item_NAME) Uppers,LOWER(Item_NAME) Lowers,SUBSTRING(Item_NAME,3) MidValue,LEN(Item_NAME) Lenths,LEN(Item_NAME)) MidValuewithLenFunction,ROUND(Price,0) as Rounded
FROM ItemMasters

4、日期函数

在我们的项目数据表中基本都会使用到日期列，因此日期函数在项目中扮演着非常重要的角色。有时候我们对日期函数要非常的小心，它随时可以给你带来巨大的麻烦。在项目中，我们要选择合适的日期函数和日期格式，下面是一些sql日期函数的例子：

to Display the Current Date and Time -- Format() -> used to display our date in our requested format Select GETDATE() CurrentDateTime,FORMAT(GETDATE(),'yyyy-MM-dd') AS DateFormats,'HH-mm-ss')TimeFormats,CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),10) Converts1,CONVERT(VARCHAR(24),113),CONVERT(NVARCHAR,getdate(),106) Converts2,-- here we used Convert Function REPLACE(convert(NVARCHAR,106),' ','/') Formats-- Here we used replace and --convert functions. --first we convert the date to nvarchar and then we replace the '' with '/'

select * from Itemmasters

Select ITEM_NAME,IN_DATE CurrentDateTime,FORMAT(IN_DATE,IN_DATE,convert(NVARCHAR,'/') Formats
FROM Itemmasters

DatePart –> 该函数可以获取年、月、日的信息。

DateADD –> 该函数可以对当前的日期进行加减。

DateDiff –> 该函数可以比较2个日期。

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
--Datepart DATEPART(dateparttype,yourDate)
SELECT DATEPART(yyyy,getdate()) AS YEARs,DATEPART(mm,getdate()) AS MONTHS,DATEPART(dd,getdate()) AS Days,DATEPART(week,getdate()) AS weeks,DATEPART(hour,getdate()) AS hours

--Days Add to add or subdtract date from a selected date.
SELECT GetDate()CurrentDate,DATEADD(day,12,getdate()) AS AddDays,-4,getdate()) AS FourDaysBeforeDate

-- DATEDIFF() -> to display the Days between 2 dates
select DATEDIFF(year,'2003-08-05',getdate()) yearDifferance,DATEDIFF(day,-24,getdate()),getdate()) daysDifferent,DATEDIFF(month,DATEADD(Month,6,getdate())) MonthDifferance

5、其他Select函数

Top ——

结合select语句，Top函数可以查询头几条和末几条的数据记录。

Order By ——

结合select语句，Order By可以让查询结果按某个字段正序和逆序输出数据记录。

First Display top 2 Records Select TOP 2 Item_Code,In_DATE FROM ItemMasters --> to Display the Last to Records we need to use the Order By Clause -- order By to display Records in assending or desending order by the columns Select TOP 2 Item_Code,In_DATE FROM ItemMasters ORDER BY Item_Code DESC

Distinct ——

distinct关键字可以过滤重复的数据记录。

To avoid the Duplicate records we use the distinct in select statement -- for example in this table we can see here we have the duplicate record 'Chiken Burger' -- but with different Item_Code when i use the below select statement see what happen

Select Item_name as Item,IN_USR_ID
FROM ItemMasters
-- here we can see the Row No 3 and 5 have the duplicate record to avoid this we use the distinct Keyword in select statement.

select Distinct Item_name as Item,IN_USR_ID
FROM ItemMasters

6、Where子句

Where子句在sql Select查询语句中非常重要，为什么要使用where子句？什么时候使用where子句？where子句是利用一些条件来过滤数据结果集。

下面我们从10000条数据记录中查询Order_No为某个值或者某个区间的数据记录，另外还有其他的条件。

To display the data with certain conditions -- Now below example which will display all the records which has Item_Name='Coke' select * FROM ItemMasters WHERE ITEM_NAME='COKE' -- If we want display all the records Iten_Name which Starts with 'C' then we use Like in where clause. SELECT * FROM ItemMasters WHERE ITEM_NAME Like 'C%'

--> here we display the ItemMasters where the price will be greater then or equal to 40.
--> to use more then one condition we can Use And or Or operator.
--If we want to check the data between to date range then we can use Between Operator in Where Clause.
select Item_name as Item,IN_USR_ID
FROM ItemMasters
WHERE
ITEM_NAME Like 'C%'
AND
price >=40
--> here we display the OrderDetails where the Qty will be greater 3

Select * FROM OrderDetails WHERE qty>3

Where – In 子句

used to display the data which is in the condition select * FROM ItemMasters WHERE Item_name IN ('Coffee','Chiken Burger')

-- In clause with Order By - Here we display the in descending order.
select *
FROM ItemMasters
WHERE
Item_name IN ('Coffee','Chiken Burger')
ORDER BY Item_Code Desc

Where – Between子句

Now if we want to display the data between to date range then we use betweeen keyword select * FROM ItemMasters

select * FROM ItemMasters
WHERE
In_Date BETWEEN '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853' AND '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853'

select * FROM ItemMasters
WHERE
ITEM_NAME Like 'C%'
AND
In_Date BETWEEN '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853' AND '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853'

查询某个条件区间的数据，我们常常使用between子句。

7、Group By 子句

Group By子句可以对查询的结果集按指定字段分组：

To display the data with group result.Here we can see we display all the AQggregate result by Item Name Select ITEM_NAME,Count(*) TotalRows,Sum(price) PriceTotal FROM ItemMasters GROUP BY ITEM_NAME

-- Here this group by will combine all the same Order_No result and make the total or each order_NO
Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY
FROM OrderDetails
where qty>=2
GROUP BY Order_NO

-- Here the Total will be created by order_No and Item_Code
Select Order_NO,Item_Code,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY
FROM OrderDetails
where qty>=2
GROUP BY Order_NO,Item_Code
Order By Order_NO Desc,Item_Code

Group By & Having 子句

-- Having Clause-- This will avoid the the sum(qty) less then 4
Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY
FROM OrderDetails
GROUP BY Order_NO
HAVING Sum(QTy) >4

8、子查询

子查询一般出现在where内连接查询和嵌套查询中，select、update和delete语句中均可以使用。

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
--Sub Query -- Here we used the Sub query in where clause to get all the Item_Code where the price>40 now this sub
--query reslut we used in our main query to filter all the records which Item_code from Subquery result
SELECT * FROM ItemMasters
WHERE Item_Code IN
(SELECT Item_Code FROM ItemMasters WHERE price > 40)

-- Sub Query with Insert Statement
INSERT INTO ItemMasters ([Item_Code],[UP_USR_ID])
Select 'Item006',Item_Name,Price+4,TAX1,Discount,GetDate(),'SHANU'
from ItemMasters
where Item_code='Item002'

--After insert we can see the result as
Select * from ItemMasters

9、连接查询

到目前为止我们接触了不少单表的查询语句，现在我们来使用连接查询获取多个表的数据。

简单的join语句：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
--Now we have used the simple join with out any condition this will display all the
-- records with duplicate data to avaoid this we see our next example with condition
SELECT FROM Ordermasters,OrderDetails
-- Simple Join with Condition now here we can see the duplicate records now has been avoided by using the where checing with both table primaryKey field
SELECT
FROM
Ordermasters as M,OrderDetails as D
where M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
and M.Order_NO='Ord_001'

-- Now to make more better understanding we need to select the need fields from both
--table insted of displaying all column.
SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,Item_code,Notes,Qty
FROM
Ordermasters as M,OrderDetails as D
where M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
-- Now lets Join 3 table
SELECT M.order_NO,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M,OrderDetails as D,ItemMasters as I
where
M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO AND D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code

Inner Join,Left Outer Join,Right Outer Join and Full outer Join

下面是各种类型的连接查询代码：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
--INNER JOIN
--This will display the records which in both table Satisfy here i have used Like in where class which display the
SELECT M.order_NO,I.PriceD.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
WHERE
M.Table_ID like 'T%'
--LEFT OUTER JOIN
--This will display the records which Left side table Satisfy
SELECT M.order_NO,I.PriceD.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M LEFT OUTER JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
LEFT OUTER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
WHERE
M.Table_ID like 'T%'
--RIGHT OUTER JOIN
--This will display the records which Left side table Satisfy
SELECT M.order_NO,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M RIGHT OUTER JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
RIGHT OUTER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
WHERE
M.Table_ID like 'T%'

--FULL OUTER JOIN
--This will display the records which Left side table Satisfy
SELECT M.order_NO,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M FULL OUTER JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
FULL OUTER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
WHERE
M.Table_ID like 'T%'

10、Union合并查询

Union查询可以把多张表的数据合并起来，Union只会把唯一的数据查询出来，而Union ALL则会把重复的数据也查询出来。

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
Select column1,Colum2 from Table1
Union
Select Column1,Column2 from Table2

Select column1,Colum2 from Table1
Union All
Select Column1,Column2 from Table2

具体的例子如下：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
--Select with different where condition which display the result as 2 Table result
select Item_Code,Description FROM ItemMasters where price <=44
select Item_Code,Description FROM ItemMasters where price >44

-- Union with same table but with different where condition now which result as one table which combine both the result.
select Item_Code,Description FROM ItemMasters where price <=44
UNION
select Item_Code,Description FROM ItemMasters where price >44

-- Union ALL with Join sample
SELECT M.order_NO,I.PriceD.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M (NOLOCK) Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE I.Price <=44
Union ALL
SELECT M.order_NO,I.PriceD.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M (NOLOCK) Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE I.Price>44

11、公用表表达式（CTE）——With语句

CTE可以看作是一个临时的结果集，可以在接下来的一个SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,MERGE语句中被多次引用。使用公用表达式可以让语句更加清晰简练。

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
declare @sDate datetime,@eDate datetime;

select @sDate = getdate()-5,@eDate = getdate()+16;
--select @sDate StartDate,@eDate EndDate
;with cte as
(
select @sDate StartDate,'W'+convert(varchar(2),DATEPART( wk,@sDate))+'('+convert(varchar(2),@sDate,106)+')' as 'SDT'
union all
select dateadd(DAY,StartDate),StartDate))+'('+convert(varchar(2),dateadd(DAY,106)+')' as 'SDT'
FROM cte
WHERE dateadd(DAY,StartDate)<= @eDate
)
select * from cte
option (maxrecursion 0)

12、视图

很多人对视图View感到很沮丧，因为它看起来跟select语句没什么区别。在视图中我们同样可以使用select查询语句，但是视图对我们来说依然非常重要。

假设我们要联合查询4张表中的20几个字段，那么这个select查询语句会非常复杂。但是这样的语句我们在很多地方都需要用到，如果将它编写成视图，那么使用起来会方便很多。利用视图查询有以下几个优点：

下面是一个视图的代码例子：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
CREATE
VIEW viewname
AS
Select ColumNames from yourTable

Example :
-- Here we create view for our Union ALL example
Create
VIEW myUnionVIEW
AS
SELECT M.order_NO,I.PriceD.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE I.Price <=44
Union ALL
SELECT M.order_NO,I.PriceD.Qty as TotalPrice
FROM
Ordermasters as M Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D
ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I
ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE I.Price>44

-- View Select query
Select * from myUnionVIEW
-- We can also use the View to display with where condition and with selected fields
Select order_Detail_NO,Table_ID,Price from myUnionVIEW where price >40

13、Pivot行转列

Pivot可以帮助你实现数据行转换成数据列，具体用法如下：

sql;"> -- Simple Pivot Example SELECT * FROM ItemMasters PIVOT(SUM(Price) FOR ITEM_NAME IN ([Chiken Burger],Coffee,Coke)) AS PVTTable

-- Pivot with detail example
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT
ITEM_NAME,price as TotAmount
FROM ItemMasters

) as s
PIVOT
(
SUM(TotAmount)
FOR [ITEM_NAME] IN ([Chiken Burger],[Coffee],[Coke])
)AS MyPivot

14、存储过程

我经常看到有人提问如何在sql Server中编写多条查询的sql语句，然后将它们使用到C#程序中去。存储过程就可以完成这样的功能，存储过程可以将多个SQL查询聚集在一起，创建存储过程的基本结构是这样的：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
CREATE PROCEDURE [ProcedureName]

AS
BEGIN
-- Select or Update or Insert query.
END

To execute SP we use
exec ProcedureName

创建一个没有参数的存储过程：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
-- =============================================
-- Author : Shanu
-- Create date : 2014-09-15
-- Description : To Display Pivot Data
-- Latest
-- Modifier : Shanu
-- Modify date : 2014-09-15
-- =============================================
-- exec USP_SelectPivot
-- =============================================
Create PROCEDURE [dbo].[USP_SelectPivot]
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @MyColumns AS NVARCHAR(MAX),@sqlquery AS NVARCHAR(MAX)
-- here first we get all the ItemName which should be display in Columns we use this in our necxt pivot query
select @MyColumns = STUFF((SELECT ',' + QUOTENAME(Item_NAME)
FROM ItemMasters
GROUP BY Item_NAME
ORDER BY Item_NAME
FOR XML PATH(''),TYPE
).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'),'')
-- here we use the above all Item name to disoplay its price as column and row display
set @sqlquery = N'SELECT ' + @MyColumns + N' from
(
SELECT
ITEM_NAME,price as TotAmount
FROM ItemMasters
) x
pivot
(
SUM(TotAmount)
for ITEM_NAME in (' + @MyColumns + N')
) p '

exec sp_executesql @sqlquery;

RETURN
END

15、函数Function

之前我们介绍了MAX(),SUM(),GetDate()等最基本的sql函数，现在我们来看看如何创建自定义sql函数。创建函数的格式如下：

sql;"> Create Function functionName As Begin END

下面是一个简单的函数示例：

<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:sql;">
Alter FUNCTION [dbo].[ufnSelectitemMaster]()
RETURNS int
AS
-- Returns total Row count of Item Master.

BEGIN
DECLARE @RowsCount AS int;

Select @RowsCount= count(*)+1 from ItemMasters
RETURN @RowsCount;

END

-- to View Function we use select and fucntion Name
select [dbo].[ufnSelectitemMaster]()

下面的一个函数可以实现从给定的日期中得到当前月的最后一天：

sql;"> ALTER FUNCTION [dbo].[ufn_LastDayOfMonth] ( @DATE NVARCHAR(10) ) RETURNS NVARCHAR(10) AS BEGIN RETURN CONVERT(NVARCHAR(10),DATEADD(D,-1,DATEADD(M,CAST(SUBSTRING(@DATE,7) + '-01' AS DATETIME))),120) END SELECT dbo.ufn_LastDayOfMonth('2014-09-01')AS LastDay

以上就是适合初学者学习的基础SQL查询语句，希望对大家学习SQL查询语句有所帮助。

SQL基础查询语句SQL查询语句

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