每天一篇javascript学习小结(面向对象编程)

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1、面向对象的工厂方法

var person1 = createPerson("Nicholas",29,"Software Engineer");
var person2 = createPerson("Greg",27,"Doctor");

person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"

工厂模型的方法的缺点是会产生大量重复代码

2、构造函数模式创建对象

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas","Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg","Doctor");

person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"

alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true

alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true

alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //false

使用new关键字创建对象会经历以下四个过程

  • 1、创建一个新对象
  • 2、将构造函数的作用域赋给一个新对象(因此this就指向了这个新对象)
  • 3、执行构造函数方法(为这个新对象赋值)
  • 4、返回新对象

3、将构造函数函数

var person = new Person("Nicholas","Software Engineer");
person.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

Person("Greg","Doctor"); //adds to window
window.sayName(); //"Greg"

var o = new Object();
Person.call(o,"Kristen",25,"Nurse");
o.sayName(); //"Kristen"

构造函数当做函数使用就和普通的函数没有任何不同,它属于window对象下面添加方法而已。由于构造函数创建的对象实际上是创建一个新对象,因此在本质上两者还是不一样的,还是分离的,他们的方法还是不一样的!

4、将共有的方法方法全局解决不一致的问题

function sayName(){
alert(this.name);
}

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas","Doctor");

person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"

alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true

alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true

alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true

虽然上面的方法解决了一致的问题,但是定义的全局的方法本身属于window,那么局部和全局就没有分开!所以这个方法使用的并不多见!也不建议使用。

5、原型模式

我们创建的任何的一个函数都有一个原型对象,这个属性是一个指针,它指向一个对象,而这个对象的作用是可以有特定的类型的所有的实例共享的方法

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

var person2 = new Person();
person2.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true

alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person1)); //true
alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person2)); //true

//only works if Object.getPrototypeOf() is available
if (Object.getPrototypeOf){
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) == Person.prototype); //true
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1).name); //"Nicholas"
}

无论什么时候只要是创建了一个函数,就会创建一个原型属性,这个属性指向函数的原型对象。在默认的情况下,原型对象都会包含一个constructor(构造函数属性),这个属性包含一个指向prototype属性所在函数的指针!

属性读取的顺序

每当代码读取某个对象的属性时候,都会执行一次搜索,目标是具有给定名字的属性搜索从对象的实例本身开始查找,如有则返回,没有则继续搜索该对象的原型链,直至搜索到原型链的最外层!

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" 来自实例
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" 来自原型

如果删除了这个元素的实例属性

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype

delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype

6、hasOwnProperty方法

这个方法可以检测一个属性是否存在于实例中,还是存在于原型中!hasOwnProperty是从Object继承来的,只要给定属性存在于对象实例中,才会返回true.

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas"; Person.prototype.age = 29; Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer"; Person.prototype.sayName = function(){ alert(this.name); }; var person1 = new Person(); var person2 = new Person(); alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false alert("name" in person1); //true person1.name = "Greg"; alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //true alert("name" in person1); //true alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype alert(person2.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false alert("name" in person2); //true delete person1.name; alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false alert("name" in person1); //true

7、Object.keys() 可枚举属性方法

这个方法接收一个对象作为参数,返回一个包含所有可枚举属性的字符串数组

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas"; Person.prototype.age = 29; Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer"; Person.prototype.sayName = function(){ alert(this.name); }; var keys = Object.keys(Person.prototype); alert(keys); //"name,job,sayName"

如果想得到所有实例的属性,无论它是否可以枚举都可以使用这个方法获取
function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
  alert(this.name);
};

var keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Person.prototype);
alert(keys);  //"constructor,name,sayName"

方法高版本浏览器才支持

8、简单的原型写法

Person.prototype = { name : "Nicholas",age : 29,job: "Software Engineer",sayName : function () { alert(this.name); } }; var friend = new Person(); alert(friend instanceof Object); //true alert(friend instanceof Person); //true alert(friend.constructor == Person); //false alert(friend.constructor == Object); //true

重写了原型就等于将默认的原型方法覆盖,那么同样的构造方法也会被重写,重写的构造方法指向了Object对象!而不是原来的对象Person

如果还是想指向之前的构造方法,可以显示的指定

Person.prototype = { constructor : Person,name : "Nicholas",sayName : function () { alert(this.name); } }; var friend = new Person(); alert(friend instanceof Object); //true alert(friend instanceof Person); //true alert(friend.constructor == Person); //true alert(friend.constructor == Object); //false

9、原型方法的动态添加

Person.prototype = { constructor: Person,job : "Software Engineer",sayName : function () { alert(this.name); } }; var friend = new Person(); Person.prototype.sayHi = function(){ alert("hi"); }; friend.sayHi(); //"hi" ?works!

10、原生对象的原型方法

String.prototype.startsWith = function (text) {//<a href="/tag/xiugai/" target="_blank" class="keywords">修改</a>原生对象的原型<a href="/tag/fangfa/" target="_blank" class="keywords">方法</a> return this.indexOf(text) == 0; }; var msg = "Hello world!"; alert(msg.startsWith("Hello")); //true

11、组合使用构造函数和原型模式创建对象

函数模式 function Person(name,job){ this.name = name; this.age = age; this.job = job; this.friends = ["Shelby","Court"]; } //原型模式 Person.prototype = { constructor: Person,sayName : function () { alert(this.name); } };
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas","Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg","Doctor");

person1.friends.push("Van");

alert(person1.friends);  //"Shelby,Court,Van"
alert(person2.friends);  //"Shelby,Court"
alert(person1.friends === person2.friends); //false
alert(person1.sayName === person2.sayName); //true

12、动态原型模式

//properties this.name = name; this.age = age; this.job = job; //methods if (typeof this.sayName != "function"){ Person.prototype.sayName = function(){ alert(this.name); }; } } var friend = new Person("Nicholas","Software Engineer"); friend.sayName();

13、寄生构造函数模式

var friend = new Person("Nicholas","Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

function SpecialArray(){

//create the array
var values = new Array();

//add the values
values.push.apply(values,arguments);

//assign the method
values.toPipedString = function(){
return this.join("|");
};

//return it
return values;
}

var colors = new SpecialArray("red","blue","green");
alert(colors.toPipedString()); //"red|blue|green"

alert(colors instanceof SpecialArray);

上诉方法有一点说明下,由于它是依赖外层对象来创建一个新对象,因此不能依赖 instanceof方法来确定属性方法的来源!它实际上和构造函数的没有关系!

14、稳妥构造函数模式

var friend = Person("Nicholas","Software Engineer"); friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

方法不依赖任何new this 关键符!如果要访问对象的方法属性,只能通过对象已经定义好的方法获取

15、继承

javascript实现继承是通过原型链来实现的

属性 }
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){//定义的原型<a href="/tag/fangfa/" target="_blank" class="keywords">方法</a>
  return this.property;
};

function SubType(){
  this.subproperty = false;
}

//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
  return this.subproperty;
};

var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue());  //true

alert(instance instanceof Object);   //true
alert(instance instanceof SuperType);  //true
alert(instance instanceof SubType);   //true

alert(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance));  //true
alert(SuperType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
alert(SubType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance));  //true

SubType继承SuperType的方法属性,因此当instance可以直接调用SuperType的方法
function SuperType(){
this.property = true;
}

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
  return this.property;
};

function SubType(){
  this.subproperty = false;
}

//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

//new method
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
  return this.subproperty;
};

//override existing method
SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = function (){
  return false;
};

var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue());  //false

上面的例子说明,重写的原型会覆盖之前继承的原型,最后返回的往往不是预期的效果

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){ return this.property; }; function SubType(){ this.subproperty = false; } //inherit from SuperType SubType.prototype = new SuperType(); //使用字面量<a href="/tag/tianjia/" target="_blank" class="keywords">添加</a>的<a href="/tag/fangfa/" target="_blank" class="keywords">方法</a>导致上面的<a href="/tag/fangfa/" target="_blank" class="keywords">方法</a>失效了 SubType.prototype = { getSubValue : function (){ return this.subproperty; },someOtherMethod : function (){ return false; } }; var instance = new SubType(); console.log(instance); alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //error!

下面的例子也说明重写原型带来的风险

function SubType(){ } //inherit from SuperType SubType.prototype = new SuperType(); var instance1 = new SubType(); instance1.colors.push("black"); alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black" var instance2 = new SubType(); alert(instance2.colors); //"red,black"

原型共享导致两个不同的对象调用的同一个数据

16、借用构造函数来实现继承

function SubType(){ //inherit from SuperType SuperType.call(this); } var instance1 = new SubType(); instance1.colors.push("black"); alert(instance1.colors); //"red,green"

传递参数

function SubType(){ //inherit from SuperType passing in an argument SuperType.call(this,"Nicholas"); //instance property this.age = 29; } var instance = new SubType(); alert(instance.name); //"Nicholas"; alert(instance.age); //29

17、组合继承方式

SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){ alert(this.name); }; function SubType(name,age){ SuperType.call(this,name); this.age = age; }

18、原型继承

var person = { name: "Nicholas",friends: ["Shelby","Court","Van"] }; var anotherPerson = object(person); anotherPerson.name = "Greg"; anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");

19、寄生组合式继承

function inheritPrototype(subType,superType){ var prototype = object(superType.prototype); //create object prototype.constructor = subType; //augment object subType.prototype = prototype; //assign object } function SuperType(name){ this.name = name; this.colors = ["red",name); this.age = age; } inheritPrototype(SubType,SuperType); SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){ alert(this.age); }; var instance1 = new SubType("Nicholas",29); instance1.colors.push("black"); alert(instance1.colors); //"red,black" instance1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"; instance1.sayAge(); //29 var instance2 = new SubType("Greg",27); alert(instance2.colors); //"red,green" instance2.sayName(); //"Greg"; instance2.sayAge(); //27

以上就是今天的javascript学习小结,之后每天还会继续更新,希望大家继续关注。

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