[原创] 具有依赖关系的并行操作执行

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今天看到看到一篇MSDN文章Parallelizing Operations With Dependencies,作者是微软Parallel Computing Platform团队的一个开发经理。文中提供出一种用于并行执行一组具有依赖关系的操作的解决方案,这不由得想起我在一年之前写的一个具有相同的功能的组件。于是翻箱倒柜找了出来,进行了一些加工,与大家分享一下。

一、问题分析

我们知道,较之串行化的操作,并行计算将多个任务同时执行,从而充分利用了资源,提高了应用的整体性能。对于多个互不相干的操作,我们可以直接按照异步的方式执行就可以。但是,我们遇到的很多情况下是,部分操作之间具有相互依赖的关系,一个操作需要在其他依赖的操作执行完成后方可执行。 以下图为例,每一个圆圈代表要执行的操作,操作之间的肩头代表它们之间的依赖关系。

我们需要一个组件,帮助我们完成这样的工作:将相应的操作和依赖关系直接添加到一个容器中,我们的组件能够自动分析操作之间的依赖关系,在执行的时候根据依赖编排执行顺序。

二、采用并行操作执行器

使用我所提供的这样一个并行操作执行器(ParallelExecutor),可以帮我们解决这个问题。首先对操作本身进行抽象,用以下三个属性来描述一个并行计算场景中的操作:

  • Operation ID: 操作的唯一标识,字符类型
  • Action:操作具体执行的功能,使用Action代理表示
  • Depedencies:依赖操作列表

在使用ParallelExecutor对操作进行并行执行之前,我们需要通过ParallelExecutor的两个AddOperation方法添加需要执行的操作。AddOperation定义如下。其中dependencies代表以来操作ID数组,返回值为当前创建的操作ID

   1: public class ParallelExecutor
   2: {
   3:  
   4:     public string AddOperation(string id,Action action)
   5:     {
   6:         //省略实现
   7:     }
   8:  
   9:     public string AddOperation(string id,Action action,string[] dependencies)
  10:     {
  11:         //省略实现
  12:     }
  13: }
  14: 

对于上图中的操作的依赖结构,我们通过下面的代码将所有的操作添加到创建的ParallelExecutor之中并执行。在这里的具体实现的操作仅仅是打印出操作的ID,以便我们清楚地知道操作执行的先后顺序是否满足依赖关系:

1: static void Main(string[] args)
   3:     Action<string> action = id=> {Console.WriteLine(id);}; 
   4:  
   5:     var executor = new ParallelExecutor();
   6:     var a1 = executor.AddOperation("A1",() => action("A1"));
   7:     var a2 = executor.AddOperation("A2",() => action("A2"));
   8:     var a3 = executor.AddOperation("A3",() => action("A3")); 
   9:  
  10:     var b1 = executor.AddOperation("B1",() => action("B1"),new string[] { a1,a2 });
  11:     var b2 = executor.AddOperation("B2",() => action("B2"),new string[] { a3 }); 
  12:  
  13:     var c1 = executor.AddOperation("C1",() => action("C1"),new string[] { b1,b2 });
  14:     var c2 = executor.AddOperation("C2",() => action("C2")); 
  15:  
  16:     executor.Execute();
  17: Console.Read();
  18: }
  19: 

由于是操作的并行执行,线程调度的不确定性使每次输出的结果各有不同。但是无论如何,需要满足上图中展现的依赖关系。下面是其中一种执行结果,可以看出这是合理的执行顺序。

1: A3
   2: B2
   3: A1
   4: A2
   5: C2
   6: B1
   7: C1

三、操作是如何被执行的

实现这样的并行计算有很多种解决方案。不同的解决方案大都体现在对于单一的操作该如何执行上。在我们提供这个解决方案中,我按照这样的方案来执行任意一个操作:

直接执行无依赖的操作

如果需要执行的操作并不依赖于任何一个操作(比如C2),那么我们直接运行就好了,这没有什么好说的。

先执行依赖操作,通过注册事件的方式执行被依赖的操作

如果一个操作依赖于一组操作,在执行之前注册依赖操作的结束事件实现,被依赖操作的执行发生在某个一个依赖操作的Completed事件触发后。具体来讲,上图中C1具有两个以来操作B1B2,在初始化时,C1上会有一个用于计算尚未执行的依赖操作的个数,并注册B1B2得操作结束事件上面。当B1B2执行结束后,会触发事件。每次事件触发,C1上的计数器将会减1,如果计数器为0,则表明所有的依赖操作执行结束,则执行C1相应的操作。

四、具体实现

现在我们来看看详细设计和具体实现。首先通过下面的类图看看涉及到的所有类型。其中Operation类型是最为重要的一个类型,它代表一个具体的操作。

操作的属性

一个操作具有如下属性

  • IDString类型,操作的唯一标识
  • ActionAction类型,操作具体是实现的功能
  • DependenciesOperation数组,依赖的操作
  • StatusOperation枚举,操作当前的状态
  • ExecutionContextExecutionContext类型,用于传递线程执行的上下文
1: public class Operation
   2: {    
   3:     //其他成员
   4:     public string ID
   5:     { get; private set; } 
   6:  
   7:     public Action Action
   8:     { get; private set; } 
  10:     public Operation[] Dependencies
  11:     { get; private set; } 
  13:     public OperationStatus Status
  14:     { get; private set; } 
  16:     public ExecutionContext ExecutionContext
  17:     { get; private set; } 
  18:  
  19:     public Operation(string id,Action action)
  20:     {
  21:         if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(id))
  22:         {
  23:             throw new ArgumentNullException("id");
  24:         } 
  25:  
  26:         if (null == action)
  27:         {
  28:             throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
  29:         }
  30:         this.Status = OperationStatus.Created;
  31:         this.ID = id;
  32:         this.Action = action;
  33:         this.Dependencies = new Operation[0];
  34:     } 
  35:  
  36:     public Operation(string id,Operation[] dependencies)
  37:         : this(id,action)
  38:     {
  39:         if (null == dependencies)
  40:         {
  41:             throw new ArgumentNullException("dependencies");
  42:         } 
  43:  
  44:         this.Dependencies = dependencies;
  45:     }     
  46: }
  47: 

操作事件

当前操作执行的状态通过OperationStatus表示,四个枚举值分别表示被创建、正在运行、运行结束和失败(抛出异常)。

1: public enum OperationStatus
   3:     Created,
   4:     Running,
   5:     Completed,monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">   6: Failed
   7: }

操作还具有三个时间,分别在开始执行、结束执行和执行失败时触发。这三个事件名称分别为OperationStartedOperationCompletedOperationFailed

4: public event EventHandler<OperationEventArgs> OperationStarted;
   5:     public event EventHandler<OperationFailedEventArgs> OperationFailed;
   6:     public event EventHandler<OperationEventArgs> OperationCompleted;     
   7: }
   8: 

OperationStartedOperationCompleted事件对应的参数类型为OperationEventArgsOperationEventArgs直接继承自EventArgs,并定义了一个Operation属性代表对应的Operation对象。

1: public class OperationEventArgs : EventArgs
   3:     public OperationEventArgs(Operation operation)
   4:     {
   5:         if (null == operation)
   6:         {
   7:             throw new ArgumentNullException("operation");
   8:         }
  10:         this.Operation = operation;
  11:     }
  13:     public Operation Operation
  14:     { get; private set; }
  15: }
  16: 

OperationFailed的事件参数类型为OperationFailedEventArgs。继承自OperationEventArgs,在此基础上添加了一个Exception类型的Error属性,表示抛出的异常。

操作初始化和事件注册

在第三节中已经谈到过了,被依赖操作的执行通过的依赖操作执行完成后触发OperationCompleted事件的是实现。事件注册必须在ParallelExecutor执行之前完成,在这里我定义了一个Initialize方法,在里面完成事件注册工作:

4: private int _remainingDependencies;
   5:     private List<Operation> _registeredParentOps = new List<Operation>();     
   7:     private static void RegisterCompletedEvents(Operation operation)
   8:     {
   9:         operation._remainingDependencies = operation.Dependencies.Length;
  10:         foreach (var op in operation.Dependencies)
  11:         {
  12:             if (op._registeredParentOps.Contains(operation))
  13:             {
  14:                 continue;
  15:             }
  16:             RegisterCompletedEvents(op);
  17:             op.OperationCompleted += (sender,args) =>
  18:                 {
  19:                     operation._remainingDependencies--;
  20:                     if (operation._remainingDependencies <= 0)
  21:                     {
  22:                         operation.DoExecute();
  23:                     }
  24:                 };
  25:             op._registeredParentOps.Add(operation);
  26:         }            
  27:     } 
  28:  
  29:     public void Initialize()
  30:     {
  31:         RegisterCompletedEvents(this);
  32:    }
  33: }

操作执行

ParallelExecutor通过调用OperationExecute方法执行相应的操作。在Execute方法中,如果是独立的操作,则执行执行,否则异步执行依赖操作,这是一个递归的过程。操作的具体实现定义在DoExecute方法中。

2: {
   4:     private void DoExecute()
   6:         if (this.Status != OperationStatus.Created)
   7:         {
   8:             return;
   9:         } 
  10:  
  11:         if (null != this.OperationStarted)
  12:         {
  13:             this.OperationStarted(this,new OperationEventArgs(this));
  14:         } 
  16:         this.Status = OperationStatus.Running;
  17:         try
  18:         {
  19:             if (null != this.ExecutionContext)
  20:             {
  21:                 ExecutionContext.Run(this.ExecutionContext.CreateCopy(),state => this.Action(),null);
  22:             }
  23:             else
  24:             {
  25:                 this.Action();
  26:             } 
  27:  
  28:             this.Status = OperationStatus.Completed;
  29:             if (null != this.OperationCompleted)
  30:             {
  31:                 this.OperationCompleted(this,monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  32:             }
  33:         }
  34:         catch (Exception ex)
  35:         {
  36:             this.Status = OperationStatus.Failed;
  37:             if (null != this.OperationFailed)
  38:             {
  39:                 this.OperationFailed(this,new OperationFailedEventArgs(this,ex));
  40:             }
  41:         }
  42:     } 
  44:     [MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
  45:     public void Execute()
  46:     {
  47:         if (this.Dependencies.Length == 0)
  48:         {
  49:             this.DoExecute();
  50:         }           
  51:  
  52:         foreach (var operation in this.Dependencies)
  53:         {
  54:             var op = operation;
  55:             ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(state => op.Execute(),monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  56:         }        
  57:  
  58:     } 
  59: }
  60: 

ParallelExecutor

ParallelExecutor提供操作的添加和整体执行。添加操作实现在两个重载的AddOperation方法中,逻辑并不复杂。当执行Execute方法对所有的操作进行并行执行的时候,需要调用Initialize方法对每个操作进行初始化。然后异步调用每个操作的Execute方法即可。

3: public ParallelExecutor()
   5:         this.Operations = new Dictionary<string,Operation>();
   6:     }
   7:  
   8:     public IDictionary<string,Operation> Operations
   9:     { get; private set; }
  11:     public void Execute()
  12:     {
  13:         foreach (var operation in this.Operations.Values)
  14:         {
  15:             operation.Initialize();
  16:         }
  17:  
  18:         foreach (var operation in this.Operations.Values)
  19:         {
  20:             var op = operation;
  21:             ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(state => op.Execute(),monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  22:         }
  23:     }
  24:  
  25:     public string AddOperation(string id,monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  26:     {
  27:         ValidateOperation(id,action);
  28:         this.Operations.Add(id,new Operation(id,action));
  29:         return id;
  30:     }
  31:  
  32:     private void ValidateOperation(string id,monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  33:     {
  34:         if (null == action)
  36:             throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
  37:         }
  38:  
  39:         if (this.Operations.ContainsKey(id))
  41:             throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("There is an existing operation whose ID is /"{0}/"",id));
  42:         }
  43:     }
  44:  
  45:     public string AddOperation(string id,monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  47:         ValidateOperation(id,monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  48:         if (null == dependencies)
  49:         {
  50:             throw new ArgumentNullException("dependencies");
  51:         }
  52:  
  53:         foreach (var op in dependencies)
  54:         {
  55:             if (!this.Operations.ContainsKey(op))
  56:             {
  57:                 throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("The operation whose ID is /"{0}/" does not exist!",op));
  58:             }
  59:         }
  60:  
  61:         var operation = new Operation(id,action,monospace; direction: ltr; border-top-style: none; color: black; font-size: 8pt; border-left-style: none; overflow: visible; padding-top: 0px">  62:                this.Operations.Values.
  63:                Where(op => Array.Exists<string>(dependencies,opId => opId == op.ID)).ToArray<Operation>());
  64:  
  65:         this.Operations.Add(id,operation);
  66:         return id;
  67:     }
  68: }
  69: 
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