一、控制反转:
从简单的代码示例入手:
/// <summary> /// 邮件服务类 /// </summary> public class EmailService { public string SendMessage() { return "发送通知邮件"; } } /// <summary> /// 邮件通知类 /// </summary> public class NotifycationSystem { private EmailService service; public NotifycationSystem() { service = new EmailService(); //邮件通知类必须精确的知道创建和使用了哪种类型的服务,此处高耦合了。 } public string InterestingEventHappened() { return service.SendMessage(); } }共两个类,一个邮件服务类,一个邮件通知类,邮件通知类依赖于邮件服务类。邮件通知类必须精确的知道创建和使用了哪种类型的服务,此处高耦合了。
/// <summary> /// 邮件服务接口 /// </summary> public interface IMessageService { string SendMessage(); } /// <summary> /// 邮件服务类 /// </summary> public class EmailService : IMessageService { public string SendMessage() { return "发送通知邮件"; } } /// <summary> /// 邮件通知类 /// </summary> public class NotifycationSystem { private IMessageService service;//邮件通知类保存服务实现的接口 public NotifycationSystem() { service = new EmailService(); } public string InterestingEventHappened() { return service.SendMessage(); } }上面将依赖具体实现改为了依赖接口,减少了部分耦合。但是邮件服务类还是在邮件通知类内实例化的,也就是说邮件通知类还是要完全知道邮件服务类的具体细节。
改进二:将选择抽象实现的责任移到服务消费者类的外部。
/// <summary> /// 第二层抽象: 服务定位器 /// </summary> public interface IServiceLocator { IMessageService GetMessageService(); } /// <summary> /// 第一层抽象:邮件服务接口 /// </summary> public interface IMessageService { string SendMessage(); } /// <summary> /// 邮件服务类 /// </summary> public class EmailService : IMessageService { public string SendMessage() { return "发送通知邮件"; } } /// <summary> /// 邮件通知类 /// </summary> public class NotifycationSystem { private IMessageService service;//邮件通知类保存服务实现的接口。 public NotifycationSystem(IServiceLocator locator) { service = locator.GetMessageService();//实现依赖关系被转移到类外。 } public string InterestingEventHappened() { return service.SendMessage(); } }扩展一:弱类型服务定位器。
/// <summary> /// 第二层抽象: 服务定位器 /// </summary> public interface IServiceLocator { object GetService(Type serviceType); } /// <summary> /// 第一层抽象:邮件服务接口 /// </summary> public interface IMessageService { string SendMessage(); } /// <summary> /// 邮件服务类 /// </summary> public class EmailService : IMessageService { public string SendMessage() { return "发送通知邮件"; } } /// <summary> /// 邮件通知类 /// </summary> public class NotifycationSystem { private IMessageService service;//邮件通知类保存服务实现的接口。 public NotifycationSystem(IServiceLocator locator) { service = (IMessageService)locator.GetService(typeof(IMessageService));//实现依赖关系被转移到类外。 } public string InterestingEventHappened() { return service.SendMessage(); } }
弱类型服务定位器使得这种模式更加灵活,因为他允许请求任意类型的服务类型。采用Type类型的参数,并返回一个非类型化的示例,也就是一个object类型对象。
扩展二:泛型方法。
/// <summary> /// 第二层抽象: 服务定位器 /// </summary> public interface IServiceLocator { T GetService<T>();//泛型接口 object GetService(Type serviceType); } /// <summary> /// 第一层抽象:邮件服务接口 /// </summary> public interface IMessageService { string SendMessage(); } /// <summary> /// 邮件服务类 /// </summary> public class EmailService : IMessageService { public string SendMessage() { return "发送通知邮件"; } } /// <summary> /// 邮件通知类 /// </summary> public class NotifycationSystem { private IMessageService service;//邮件通知类保存服务实现的接口。 public NotifycationSystem(IServiceLocator locator) { service = locator.GetService<IMessageService>();//实现依赖关系被转移到类外。 } public string InterestingEventHappened() { return service.SendMessage(); } }泛型方法,让依赖反转代码看上去更加高效优雅。
二、依赖注入:
1.构造函数注入:
/// <summary> /// 邮件通知类 /// </summary> public class NotifycationSystem { private IMessageService _service; public NotifycationSystem(IMessageService service)//构造函数注入 { _service = service; } public string InterestingEventHappened() { return _service.SendMessage(); } }2.属性注入:
/// <summary> /// 邮件通知类 /// </summary> public class NotifycationSystem { private IMessageService MessageService { get; set; } public string InterestingEventHappened() { if (MessageService == null) { throw new InvalidOperationException("服务类型为赋值!"); } return MessageService.SendMessage(); } }