上一节是Ioc容器初始化过程，初始化过程基本就是做了一件大事：在IoC容器中构建出了BeanDefinition数据结构映射．构建出数据结构映射后，却没有看到依赖注入，下面就看看是怎么依赖注入的．
首先，注意到依赖注入的过程是用户第一次向IoC容器索要Bean时触发的，在基本的IoC容器接口beanfactory中，有一个getBean的接口定义，这个接口的实现就是触发依赖注入发生的地方．当然也有例外，也就是我们可以在BeanDefinition信息中通过控制lazy-init属性来控制容器完成对Bean的预实例化。这个预实例化实际上也是一个完成依赖注入的过程，但它是在初始化的过程中完成的，
以DefaultListablebeanfactory容器为例，简短的描述下．
整个过程的图示为：
从图上看，getBean是依赖注入的起点，之后会调用createBean，下面从DefaultListablebeanfactory的基类Abstractbeanfactory中的getBean的实现来了解这个过程。
DefaultListablebeanfactory容器的getBean整个过程步骤如下：
1.从缓存获取当前beanName，看当前类型的bean是否已经被创建过,如果没有创建过，就创建一个bean。
2.如果创建过，就从当前beanfactory中获取bean,如果当前工厂取不到，就从双亲beanfactory中取，一直进行迭代查找。
4.获取当前bean的所有依赖的bean,需要对当依赖的bean进行getBean递归调用,知道依赖的bean都创建为止。
5.根据protype调用createBean创建单例,原型模式实例，或者根据自定义scope创建实例
6.对创建的bean进行类型检查，如果没问题就返回．
代码如下：
protected <T> T doGetBean( final String name,final Class<T> requiredType,final Object[] args,boolean typeCheckOnly) throws BeansException { final String beanName = transformedBeanName(name); Object bean; // Eagerly check singleton cache for manually registered singletons. Object sharedInstance = getSingleton(beanName); if (sharedInstance != null && args == null) { if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { if (isSingletonCurrentlyInCreation(beanName)) { logger.debug("Returning eagerly cached instance of singleton bean '" + beanName + "' that is not fully initialized yet - a consequence of a circular reference"); } else { logger.debug("Returning cached instance of singleton bean '" + beanName + "'"); } } bean = getObjectForBeanInstance(sharedInstance,name,beanName,null); } else { // Fail if we're already creating this bean instance: // We're assumably within a circular reference. if (isPrototypeCurrentlyInCreation(beanName)) { throw new BeanCurrentlyInCreationException(beanName); } // Check if bean definition exists in this factory. beanfactory parentbeanfactory = getParentbeanfactory(); if (parentbeanfactory != null && !containsBeanDefinition(beanName)) { // Not found -> check parent. String nameToLookup = originalBeanName(name); if (args != null) { // Delegation to parent with explicit args. return (T) parentbeanfactory.getBean(nameToLookup,args); } else { // No args -> delegate to standard getBean method. return parentbeanfactory.getBean(nameToLookup,requiredType); } } if (!typeCheckOnly) { markBeanAsCreated(beanName); } try { final RootBeanDefinition mbd = getMergedLocalBeanDefinition(beanName); checkMergedBeanDefinition(mbd,args); // Guarantee initialization of beans that the current bean depends on. String[] dependsOn = mbd.getDependsOn(); if (dependsOn != null) { for (String dependsOnBean : dependsOn) { if (isDependent(beanName,dependsOnBean)) { throw new BeanCreationException(mbd.getResourceDescription(),"Circular depends-on relationship between '" + beanName + "' and '" + dependsOnBean + "'"); } registerDependentBean(dependsOnBean,beanName); getBean(dependsOnBean); } } // Create bean instance. if (mbd.isSingleton()) { sharedInstance = getSingleton(beanName,new ObjectFactory<Object>() { @Override public Object getObject() throws BeansException { try { return createBean(beanName,mbd,args); } catch (BeansException ex) { // Explicitly remove instance from singleton cache: It might have been put there // eagerly by the creation process,to allow for circular reference resolution. // Also remove any beans that received a temporary reference to the bean. destroySingleton(beanName); throw ex; } } }); bean = getObjectForBeanInstance(sharedInstance,mbd); } else if (mbd.isPrototype()) { // It's a prototype -> create a new instance. Object prototypeInstance = null; try { beforePrototypeCreation(beanName); prototypeInstance = createBean(beanName,args); } finally { afterPrototypeCreation(beanName); } bean = getObjectForBeanInstance(prototypeInstance,mbd); } else { String scopeName = mbd.getScope(); final Scope scope = this.scopes.get(scopeName); if (scope == null) { throw new IllegalStateException("No Scope registered for scope name '" + scopeName + "'"); } try { Object scopedInstance = scope.get(beanName,new ObjectFactory<Object>() { @Override public Object getObject() throws BeansException { beforePrototypeCreation(beanName); try { return createBean(beanName,args); } finally { afterPrototypeCreation(beanName); } } }); bean = getObjectForBeanInstance(scopedInstance,mbd); } catch (IllegalStateException ex) { throw new BeanCreationException(beanName,"Scope '" + scopeName + "' is not active for the current thread; consider " + "defining a scoped proxy for this bean if you intend to refer to it from a singleton",ex); } } } catch (BeansException ex) { cleanupAfterBeanCreationFailure(beanName); throw ex; } }
这个过程简要概括为，getBean是依赖注入的起点，之后会调用create-Bean，下面通过createBean代码来了解这个实现过程。在这个过程中，Bean对象会依据BeanDefinition定义的要求生成。在AbstractAutowireCapablebeanfactory中实现了这个createBean，createBean不但生成了需要的Bean，还对Bean初始化进行了处理.注入过程如下图：
createBean方法如下：
/**
* Central method of this class: creates a bean instance,* populates the bean instance,applies post-processors,etc.
* @see #doCreateBean
*/
protected Object createBean(String beanName,RootBeanDefinition mbd,Object[] args) throws BeanCreationException {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Creating instance of bean '" + beanName + "'");
}
RootBeanDefinition mbdToUse = mbd;
// Make sure bean class is actually resolved at this point,and
// clone the bean definition in case of a dynamically resolved Class
// which cannot be stored in the shared merged bean definition.
//确认需要创建的Bean实例的类是否可以实例化
Class<?> resolvedClass = resolveBeanClass(mbd,beanName);
if (resolvedClass != null && !mbd.hasBeanClass() && mbd.getBeanClassName() != null) {
mbdToUse = new RootBeanDefinition(mbd);
mbdToUse.setBeanClass(resolvedClass);
}
// Prepare method overrides.
try {
mbdToUse.prepareMethodOverrides();
}
catch (BeanDefinitionValidationException ex) {
throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException(mbdToUse.getResourceDescription(),"Validation of method overrides Failed",ex);
}
try {
// Give BeanPostProcessors a chance to return a proxy instead of the target bean instance.
//如果bean配置了PostProcessor 那么会返回proxy
Object bean = resolveBeforeInstantiation(beanName,mbdToUse);
if (bean != null) {
return bean;
}
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new BeanCreationException(mbdToUse.getResourceDescription(),"BeanPostProcessor before instantiation of bean Failed",ex);
}
//创建bean
Object beanInstance = doCreateBean(beanName,mbdToUse,args);
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Finished creating instance of bean '" + beanName + "'");
}
return beanInstance;
}
从上面接着看doCreateBean方法：
/**
* Actually create the specified bean. Pre-creation processing has already happened
* at this point,e.g. checking {@code postProcessBeforeInstantiation} callbacks.
* <p>Differentiates between default bean instantiation,use of a
* factory method,and autowiring a constructor.
* @param beanName the name of the bean
* @param mbd the merged bean definition for the bean
* @param args explicit arguments to use for constructor or factory method invocation
* @return a new instance of the bean
* @throws BeanCreationException if the bean could not be created
* @see #instantiateBean
* @see #instantiateUsingFactoryMethod
* @see #autowireConstructor
*/
protected Object doCreateBean(final String beanName,final RootBeanDefinition mbd,final Object[] args) {
// Instantiate the bean.
BeanWrapper instanceWrapper = null;
//如果是单例，仙踪缓存中把同名bean移除
if (mbd.isSingleton()) {
instanceWrapper = this.factorybeanInstanceCache.remove(beanName);
}
//createBeanInstance创建实例
if (instanceWrapper == null) {
instanceWrapper = createBeanInstance(beanName,args);
}
final Object bean = (instanceWrapper != null ? instanceWrapper.getWrappedInstance() : null);
Class<?> beanType = (instanceWrapper != null ? instanceWrapper.getWrappedClass() : null);
// Allow post-processors to modify the merged bean definition.
synchronized (mbd.postProcessingLock) {
if (!mbd.postProcessed) {
applyMergedBeanDefinitionPostProcessors(mbd,beanType,beanName);
mbd.postProcessed = true;
}
}
// Eagerly cache singletons to be able to resolve circular references
// even when triggered by lifecycle interfaces like beanfactoryAware.
boolean earlySingletonExposure = (mbd.isSingleton() && this.allowCircularReferences &&
isSingletonCurrentlyInCreation(beanName));
if (earlySingletonExposure) {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Eagerly caching bean '" + beanName +
"' to allow for resolving potential circular references");
}
addSingletonFactory(beanName,new ObjectFactory<Object>() {
@Override
public Object getObject() throws BeansException {
return getEarlyBeanReference(beanName,bean);
}
});
}
// Initialize the bean instance.
Object exposedObject = bean;
try {
//开始依赖注入
populateBean(beanName,instanceWrapper);
if (exposedObject != null) {
exposedObject = initializeBean(beanName,exposedObject,mbd);
}
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
if (ex instanceof BeanCreationException && beanName.equals(((BeanCreationException) ex).getBeanName())) {
throw (BeanCreationException) ex;
}
else {
throw new BeanCreationException(mbd.getResourceDescription(),"Initialization of bean Failed",ex);
}
}
if (earlySingletonExposure) {
Object earlySingletonReference = getSingleton(beanName,false);
if (earlySingletonReference != null) {
if (exposedObject == bean) {
exposedObject = earlySingletonReference;
}
else if (!this.allowRawInjectionDespiteWrapping && hasDependentBean(beanName)) {
String[] dependentBeans = getDependentBeans(beanName);
Set<String> actualDependentBeans = new LinkedHashSet<>(dependentBeans.length);
for (String dependentBean : dependentBeans) {
if (!removeSingletonIfCreatedForTypeCheckOnly(dependentBean)) {
actualDependentBeans.add(dependentBean);
}
}
if (!actualDependentBeans.isEmpty()) {
throw new BeanCurrentlyInCreationException(beanName,"Bean with name '" + beanName + "' has been injected into other beans [" +
StringUtils.collectionToCommaDelimitedString(actualDependentBeans) +
"] in its raw version as part of a circular reference,but has eventually been " +
"wrapped. This means that said other beans do not use the final version of the " +
"bean. This is often the result of over-eager type matching - consider using " +
"'getBeanNamesOfType' with the 'allowEagerInit' flag turned off,for example.");
}
}
}
}
// Register bean as disposable.
try {
registerDisposableBeanIfNecessary(beanName,bean,mbd);
}
catch (BeanDefinitionValidationException ex) {
throw new BeanCreationException(mbd.getResourceDescription(),"Invalid destruction signature",ex);
}
return exposedObject;
}
从doCreateBean方法可以看出，与依赖注入关系特别密切的方法有createBeanInstance和populateBean，下面分别介绍这两个方法。在createBeanInstance中生成了Bean所包含的Java对象，这个对象的生成有很多种不同的方式，可以通过工厂方法生成，也可以通过容器的autowire特性生成，这些生成方式都是由相关的BeanDefinition来指定的。
createBeanInstance方法如下：
/**
* Create a new instance for the specified bean,using an appropriate instantiation strategy:
* factory method,constructor autowiring,or simple instantiation.
* @param beanName the name of the bean
* @param mbd the bean definition for the bean
* @param args explicit arguments to use for constructor or factory method invocation
* @return BeanWrapper for the new instance
* @see #instantiateUsingFactoryMethod
* @see #autowireConstructor
* @see #instantiateBean
*/
protected BeanWrapper createBeanInstance(String beanName,Object[] args) {
// Make sure bean class is actually resolved at this point.
Class<?> beanClass = resolveBeanClass(mbd,beanName);
if (beanClass != null && !Modifier.isPublic(beanClass.getModifiers()) && !mbd.isNonPublicAccessAllowed()) {
throw new BeanCreationException(mbd.getResourceDescription(),"Bean class isn't public,and non-public access not allowed: " + beanClass.getName());
}
//使用工厂方法对bean进行实例化
if (mbd.getFactoryMethodName() != null) {
return instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(beanName,args);
}
// Shortcut when re-creating the same bean...
boolean resolved = false;
boolean autowireNecessary = false;
if (args == null) {
synchronized (mbd.constructorArgumentLock) {
if (mbd.resolvedConstructorOrFactoryMethod != null) {
resolved = true;
autowireNecessary = mbd.constructorArgumentsResolved;
}
}
}
if (resolved) {
if (autowireNecessary) {
return autowireConstructor(beanName,null,null);
}
else {
return instantiateBean(beanName,mbd);
}
}
// Need to determine the constructor...
//使用构造函数进行实例化，前提是有构造函数
Constructor<?>[] ctors = determineConstructorsFromBeanPostProcessors(beanClass,beanName);
if (ctors != null ||
mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_CONSTRUCTOR ||
mbd.hasConstructorArgumentValues() || !ObjectUtils.isEmpty(args)) {
return autowireConstructor(beanName,ctors,args);
}
// No special handling: simply use no-arg constructor.
//使用默认的构造方法
return instantiateBean(beanName,mbd);
}
populateBean方法如下：
/**
* Populate the bean instance in the given BeanWrapper with the property values
* from the bean definition.
* @param beanName the name of the bean
* @param mbd the bean definition for the bean
* @param bw BeanWrapper with bean instance
*/
protected void populateBean(String beanName,BeanWrapper bw) {
PropertyValues pvs = mbd.getPropertyValues();
if (bw == null) {
if (!pvs.isEmpty()) {
throw new BeanCreationException(
mbd.getResourceDescription(),"Cannot apply property values to null instance");
}
else {
// Skip property population phase for null instance.
return;
}
}
// Give any InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors the opportunity to modify the
// state of the bean before properties are set. This can be used,for example,// to support styles of field injection.
boolean continueWithPropertyPopulation = true;
if (!mbd.isSynthetic() && hasInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors()) {
for (BeanPostProcessor bp : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
if (bp instanceof InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) {
InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor ibp = (InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) bp;
if (!ibp.postProcessAfterInstantiation(bw.getWrappedInstance(),beanName)) {
continueWithPropertyPopulation = false;
break;
}
}
}
}
if (!continueWithPropertyPopulation) {
return;
}
//开始处理autowire类型的注入,支持按bean的名字和类型
if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME ||
mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE) {
MutablePropertyValues newPvs = new MutablePropertyValues(pvs);
// Add property values based on autowire by name if applicable.
if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME) {
autowireByName(beanName,bw,newPvs);
}
// Add property values based on autowire by type if applicable.
if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE) {
autowireByType(beanName,newPvs);
}
pvs = newPvs;
}
boolean hasInstAwareBpps = hasInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors();
boolean needsDepCheck = (mbd.getDependencyCheck() != RootBeanDefinition.DEPENDENCY_CHECK_NONE);
if (hasInstAwareBpps || needsDepCheck) {
PropertyDescriptor[] filteredPds = filterPropertyDescriptorsForDependencyCheck(bw,mbd.allowCaching);
if (hasInstAwareBpps) {
for (BeanPostProcessor bp : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
if (bp instanceof InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) {
InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor ibp = (InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) bp;
pvs = ibp.postProcessPropertyValues(pvs,filteredPds,bw.getWrappedInstance(),beanName);
if (pvs == null) {
return;
}
}
}
}
if (needsDepCheck) {
checkDependencies(beanName,pvs);
}
}
//对bean的属性进行注入
applyPropertyValues(beanName,pvs);
}
注入过程的其他细节就不再赘述了．
在Bean的创建和对象依赖注入的过程中，需要依据载入的BeanDefinition中的信息来递归地完成依赖注入。从上面的几个递归过程中可以看到，这些递归都是以getBean为入口的。一个递归是在上下文体系中查找需要的Bean和创建Bean的递归调用；另一个递归是在依赖注入时，通过递归调用容器的getBean方法，得到当前Bean的依赖Bean，同时也触发对依赖Bean的创建和注入。在对Bean的属性进行依赖注入时，解析的过程也是一个递归的过程。这样，根据依赖关系，一层一层地完成Bean的创建和注入，直到最后完成当前Bean的创建。有了这个顶层Bean的创建和对它的属性依赖注入的完成，意味着和当前Bean相关的整个依赖链的注入也完成了。
在Bean创建和依赖注入完成以后，在IoC容器中建立起一系列依靠依赖关系联系起来的Bean，这个Bean已经不是简单的Java对象了。该Bean系列以及Bean之间的依赖关系建立完成以后，通过IoC容器的相关接口方法，就可以非常方便地供上层应用使用了。继续以水桶为例，到这里，我们不但找到了水源，而且成功地把水装到了水桶中，同时对水桶里的水完成了一系列的处理，比如消毒、煮沸……尽管还是水，但经过一系列的处理以后，这些水已经是开水了，可以直接饮用了。
参考:
1.https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework.
2.<<Spring技术内幕>>
