Git Igitignore

Summary

本文摘自atlassian并添自己的理解,如果有理解错误或者偏差的地方欢迎指出
Git sees every file in your working copy(工作副本,工作区)as one of three things:

.gitignore uses （globbing patterns :通配符模式） to match against file names. You can construct your patterns using varIoUs symbols:

注意:正规表达式是和通配符是完全不一样的东西,通配符(wildcard)代表的是bash匹配文件路径一个功能;正规表达式是一种字符串处理的表示方式,别搞混了.

In addition to these characters,you can use # to include comments in your .gitignore file:

# ignore all logs
*.log

You can use to escape .gitignore pattern characters if you have files or directories containing them(可以利用对包含通配符的字符进行转义):

# ignore the file literally named foo[01].txt
foo\[01\].txt

Shared .gitignore files in your repository

Git ignore rules are usually defined in a .gitignore file at the root of your repository.
However,you can choose to define multiple .gitignore files in different directories in your repository.
Each pattern in a particular .gitignore file is tested relative to the directory containing that file.
However the convention,and simplest approach,is to define a single .gitignore file in the root.
As your .gitignore file is checked in,it is versioned like any other file in your repository and shared with your teammates when you push.
Typically you should only include patterns in .gitignore that will benefit other users of the repository.

Personal Git ignore rules

You can also define personal ignore patterns for a particular repository in a special file at .git/info/exclude.
These are not versioned,and not distributed with your repository（并不会加入到版本控制中）,so it's an appropriate place to include patterns that will likely only benefit you.
For example if you have a custom logging setup,or special development tools that produce files in your repository's working directory,you could consider adding them to .git/info/exclude to prevent them from being accidentally committed to your repository.

Global Git ignore rules

In addition,you can define global Git ignore patterns for all repositories on your local system by setting the Git core.excludesFile property.
You'll have to create this file yourself. If you're unsure where to put your global .gitignore file,your home directory isn't a bad choice (and makes it easy to find later). Once you've created the file,you'll need to configure its location with git config:

$ touch ~/.gitignore
$ git config --global core.excludesFile ~/.gitignore  //这里是吧home目录的.gitignore 作为全局忽略文件

You should be careful what patterns you choose to globally ignore,as different file types are relevant for different projects.Special operating system files (e.g. .DS_Store and thumbs.db) or temporary files created by some developer tools are typical candidates for ignoring globally.您应该小心选择全局忽略文件中的模式，因为不同的文件类型与不同的项目相关。一些开发工具创建的特殊操作系统文件(例如 .DS_Store和thumbs.db)或临时文件是典型的被全局忽略的候选文件。 一定要注意全局忽略文件的匹配一定不要.gitignore产生冲突

Ignoring a prevIoUsly committed file

If you want to ignore a file that you've committed in the past,you'll need to delete the file from your repository and then add a .gitignore rule for it. Using the --cached option with git rm means that the file will be deleted from your repository,but will remain in your working directory as an ignored file.

$ echo debug.log >> .gitignore
$ git rm --cached debug.log

rm 'debug.log'
$ git commit -m "Start ignoring debug.log"

You can omit the --cached option if you want to delete the file from both the repository and your local file system

Committing an ignored file

It is possible to force an ignored file to be committed to the repository using the -f (or --force) option with git add:

$ cat .gitignore
*.log
$ git add -f debug.log
$ git commit -m "Force adding debug.log"

You might consider doing this if you have a general pattern (like *.log) defined,but you want to commit a specific file. However a better solution is to define an exception to the general rule:

$ echo !debug.log >> .gitignore
$ cat .gitignore

*.log

!debug.log
$ git add debug.log
$ git commit -m "Adding debug.log"

This approach is more obvIoUs,and less confusing,for your teammates.

Stashing an ignored file

git stash is a powerful Git feature for temporarily shelving and reverting local changes,allowing you to re-apply them later on. As you'd expect,by default git stash ignores ignored files and only stashes changes to files that are tracked by Git. However,you can invoke to stash changes to ignored and untracked files as well
Debugging .gitignore files

$ git check-ignore -v debug.log
 .gitignore: 3 : *.log  debug.log

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