Introduction

If you're a Java programmer coming to Dojo with little or noexperience of JavaScript,chances are you're going to struggle withsome of the concepts that enable it to work. The main concerns withDojo are that — at the time of writing — it is still in its infancy(version 1.0 was only released in February 2008) and thedocumentation available is still somewhat limited. This articlehelps you bridge the gap from Java code to Dojo so that you can getup to speed quickly and use the toolkit when developing yourapplications.

This article does not describe how to obtain the Dojo toolkit orthe necessary statements needed to use it,because there are manyother resources available that provide that information. Thearticle is written for Web developers who are coming to Dojo from aservlet development background.

The JavaScripthash

One of the first challenges is to understand the Syntax that isused when invoking Dojo functions,in particular the use of the"hash" or JavaScript object. A hash is expressed as a set ofattributes delimited by commas between curly braces. A simpleexample is shown in Listing 1,declaring a hash consisting of 6attributes: a string,an integer,a boolean,an undefinedattribute,another hash,and a function.

                          
var myHash = {
    str_attr : "foo",int_attr : 7,bool_attr : true,undefined_attr : null,hash_attr : {},func_attr : function() {}
};                      
                

It is important to remember that JavaScript is weakly typed,soalthough each attribute has been initialized to a value linked toits name,there is no reason why the initialstr_attrattributecannot be subsequently set to an integer or boolean (or any othertype for that matter). Each attribute in the hash can be accessedor set using the dot operator (as shown in Listing 2).

The first four attributes ofmyHashshouldbe self-explanatory. The fact that a hash can have attributes thatare also hashes should be no surprise. (This can be thought of asanalogous to Java classes referencing both primitives and objects.)It is the final attribute that is most important to understand.

Functions areobjects

Although in Java code there is ajava.reflection.Methodclass,it essentially acts as wrapper to a method. In JavaScript thefunction is an object like any other that can be set,referenced,and passed as an argument to other functions. Often it is necessaryto declare new functions in function calls in much the same way asan anonymous inner class can be declared in a Java method call.

Another important difference between Java methods and JavaScriptfunctions is that JavaScript functions can be run in differentcontexts. In Java programming the use of the keywordthisrefersto the current instance of the class where it is used. When used ina JavaScript function,thisrefersto the context in which that function is running. A function willrun in the closure that defines it unless otherwise specified.

In the simplest terms,a closure can be considered to be anyJavaScript code contained within curly braces ({}).A function declared inside a JavaScript file can usethistoaccess any variable declared in the main body of that file,but afunction declared inside a hash can only usethistoreference variables declared inside that hash,unless it isprovided with an alternative context to work in.

Because enclosed functions are often required as arguments to Dojofunctions,understanding how to set their context will save a lotof unnecessary debugging.

The main Dojo function that is used to assign contextisdojo.hitch.You may never usedojo.hitch,but it is important to understand that it is one of thecornerstones of Dojo,and many other functions are invoking itunder the covers.

Listing 3 shows how context hitching works (its output is shown inFigure 1):

• A variable is defined at the global context (globalContextVariable)and another variable is declared in the context of a hash(enclosedVariable).
• The functionaccessGlobalContext()cansuccessfully accessglobalContextVariableanddisplay its value.
• But,enclosedFunction()canonly access its local variableenclosedVariable(notethat the value ofglobalContextVariableisdisplayed as "undefined").
• Usingdojo.hitchto"hitch"enclosedFunction()tothe global context allowsglobalContextVariabletobe displayed (note however thatenclosedVariableisnow undefined because it is not declared in the contextthatenclosedFunction()isrunning.

Declaringclasses

The reason why this hitching is so important will become apparentas soon as you start to declare Dojo classes or to create your ownwidgets. One of the greatest powers of Dojo is the ability to"wire" objects together through the use of thedojo.connectfunctionand the built-in pub/sub model.

Declaring a class requires three objects:

1. A unique name for the class
2. A parent class to extend function from (plus any "mix-in" classesto simulate multiple inheritance)
3. A hash defining all the attributes and functions.

The simplest possible class that can be declared in shown inListing 4,and its instantiation in Listing 5.

If you want to declare a "real" (that is,useful) Dojo class,it'simportant to understand constructors. In Java code you can declaremultiple overloaded constructors to enable the instantiation of theclass by a variety of different signatures. In a Dojo class you candeclare apreamble,aconstructor,and apostscript,but in the majority of cases you will only need to declare aconstructor.

• Unless you're mixing-in other classes to simulate multipleinheritances,you are unlikely to requirepreamble,as it allows you to manipulate yourconstructorargumentsbefore they are actually passed to the extended and mixed-inclasses.
• postscriptdrivesthe Dojo widget life cycle methods,but provides no benefit to astandard Dojo class.

It is not essential to declare any of them,but to pass any valuesinto an instance of the class theconstructorfunctionmust be declared as a minimum. If theconstructorargumentsare to be accessed by any other method of the class,they must beassigned to declared attributes. Listing 6 shows a class thatassigns only one of itsconstructorargumentsto a class attribute and then attempts to reference both in anothermethod.

Complex attributerules

Class attributes can be initialized when declared,but if theattribute is initialized with a complex object type (such as a hashor an array) that attribute becomes analogous to a public staticvariable in a Java class. This means that whenever any instanceupdates it,the change will be reflected in all other instances. Toavoid this problem,complex attributes should be initialized in theconstructor; however,this is not necessary for simple attributessuch as strings,booleans,and so on.

Overridingmethods

A method of a superclass can be extended by declaring an attributewith the same name. There is no concept of overloading,asJavaScript ignores any unexpected arguments and substitutes nullfor any that are missing. In Java code,to invoke the overriddenmethod you call the method on super (that is,super().methodName(arg1,arg1);),but in Dojo you use theinheritedmethod(this.inherited(arguments);).Listing 8 shows two classes declared,wherechildextendsparent,overriding itshelloWorldmethod,but callsinheritedtoaccess the function ofparent.

Setting methodcontext

Listing 9 shows a Java class that,upon instantiation,copies theelements from the supplied string array to an ArrayList of strings.It would not be unreasonable to assume that the same functionalitycan be provided in Dojo with the code in Listing 10. (Note theinstantiation oftargetArrayinthe constructor function to prevent it being global.)Unfortunately,it will result in the error message shown in Figure5,because the function declared in thedojo.forEachmethodcall creates a closure that definesthisasreferring to its own body.

AlthoughtargetArrayisnot defined at the context enclosed by the function,it is possibleto pass the context where it is defined as an argument to the Dojofunction. This means thethiskeywordcan then access any objects (including functions) that have beendeclared at that context. The correct implementation is shown inListing 11 (note the additional code in bold).

Context is not always passed as the same argument in a Dojofunctions signature:

• Indojo.subscribethecontext is passedbeforethe functiondeclaration (Listing 12).
• Indojo.connectboththe context where the trigger method is defined and the contextwhere the target method is defined should be supplied. Listing 13shows an example whereobj1isthe context wheremethodAisdefined andobj2isthe context wheremethodBisdefined. CallingmethodAonobj1willresult inmethodBbeinginvoked onobj2.

Conclusion

JavaScript will never come naturally to developers who have becomeused to the more structured environment of Java code. Yet theimplementation of Dojo,with its class declaration capabilities,does make the leap to client-side development considerably easier.A good understanding of context,and when and how to set it,willsave a lot of pain for the Java developer and help them confidentlyadd JavaScript to their toolBox.